| 词条 | Vera Brown Starr |
| 释义 |
| name = Vera Brown Starr | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Vera Brown | birth_date = {{Birth date|1924|05|23}} | birth_place = Camp Verde Indian Reservation, Yavapai County, Arizona | death_date = {{Death date and age|1985|03|04|1924|05|23}} | death_place = Cottonwood, Arizona | nationality = American | other_names = Vera Moreno | occupation = | years_active = 1975–1985 | known_for = First woman chair of the Yavapai-Apache Nation | notable_works = }} Vera Brown Starr (May 23, 1924 – March 4, 1985) was the first woman elected as chair of the Yavapai-Apache Nation and served two years in the office, as well as serving over fifteen years on the council. She was one of the delegates to the 1977 National Women's Conference, a major U.S. women's conference held in conjunction with the International Women's Year celebrations of the United Nations. In 2012, her name was inscribed on an arch recognizing women who were Native American leaders at the University of Arizona. Early lifeVera Brown was born on May 23, 1924 at the Indian Reservation of Camp Verde, Arizona to Mary and Sam Brown, members of the Mojave-Apache. She was the youngest of three siblings.{{sfn|University of Arizona|2011}}{{sfn|U.S. Indian Census|1934|p=8}} Her father was a miner, working in the United Verde Mine near Jerome, Arizona and the smelters in Clarkdale and Clemenceau.{{sfn|University of Arizona|2011}} Until she was school age, the family lived in a wickiup near Clarkdale.{{sfn|Winters|1980|p=16}} She attended the segregated public school in Clarkdale, which allowed whites to attend in the mornings and Hispanics and American Indians to attend afternoon classes and though she was placed in the morning session, she remembered experiencing discrimination and did not speak English.{{sfn|University of Arizona|2011}}{{sfn|Winters|1980|p=16}} When she was eleven, her father died on April 19, 1935, from silicosis, having worked the mines without any protective respiratory equipment.{{sfn|University of Arizona|2011}}{{sfn|U.S. Indian Census|1934|p=8}} She was sent to the Valentine Indian School under the American Indian boarding school program and graduated from the Indian High School in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Though she earned a scholarship to the University of New Mexico, Brown returned to Carkdale to care for her mother because the pension her father earned had ended after one year and her mother was denied social security.{{sfn|University of Arizona|2011}} After World War II, Brown married Antonio L. Moreno (1924–1968), a veteran and miner, from Clarkdale.{{sfn|The Arizona Republic|1968|p=80}} The couple originally made their home in Jerome, where their children Anthony Jr. (1948–2009) and Petra (1949–2011) were born.{{sfn|Ajo Copper News|2009|p=2}}{{sfn|Ajo Copper News|2011|p=2}} In 1949, they moved to Ajo, where Antonio worked at the Phelps-Dodge smelter.{{sfn|The Arizona Republic|1968|p=80}} Tribral council careerIn 1967, against her mother's recommendation, Moreno decided to run for a seat on the tribal council of the Yavapai-Apache Nation.{{sfn|University of Arizona|2011}} After her husband's death in 1968, Moreno remarried with Henry Starr.{{sfn|University of Arizona|2011}} She was successful in attaining a seat in 1969 and served for six years, before becoming the first woman to serve as the Tribal Chair in 1975.{{sfn|The Arizona Republic|1975|p=27}}{{sfn|University of Arizona|2011}} After serving two-years as Tribal Chair, the 1977 election was fraught with factionalism, causing a contested election, a court battle, and finally a new vote.{{sfn|The Arizona Republic|October 27, 1977|p=29}} Starr did not win her re-election bid as Chair.{{sfn|The Arizona Republic|November 15, 1977|p=21}} Starr joined the North American Indian Women's Association (NAIWA), an organization formed to foster inter-tribal betterment for Native Americans.{{sfn|University of Arizona|2011}} In 1977, she attended the National Women's Conference, which was held in conjunction with the United Nations' International Women's Year celebrations. As one of Arizona's four Native American delegates, of specific interest to her were the anti-discrimination resolution passed by the women which addressed minority rights, including the removal of American Indian children from their homes and tribes, as well as the discussion of the failure of Arizona to pass Medicaid legislation to provide health care to low-income families.{{sfn|Sowers|1977|p=2}} Though defeated in her bid for re-election to the chair, Starr continued to serve on the council, being returned in 1978 as a council member.{{sfn|The Arizona Republic|1978|p=16}} In 1981, she was elected as treasurer of the tribe and held that post until her election as vice chair of the tribe in 1982.{{sfn|The Arizona Republic|1982|p=18}} She returned as vice chair in 1983.{{sfn|Funk|1983|p=21}} Issues on which she focused during her time on the council were those that would improve the lives of tribe members. She advocated for improved housing, health care initiatives, and protection of water rights.{{sfn|University of Arizona|2011}}{{sfn|Sowers|1977|p=2}} Death and legacyStarr died on March 4, 1985 in Cottonwood, Arizona at the Marcus J. Lawrence Memorial Hospital.{{sfn|The Arizona Republic|1985|p=38}} Posthumously, her name was inscribed in 2011 on the Native American Women of Arizona Arch on the University of Arizona campus,{{sfn|University of Arizona|2011}} after having been selected to represent their tribe by the Yavapai-Apache Nation.{{sfn|Ruiz-McGill|2012}} ReferencesCitationsBibliography{{refbegin|30em}}
9 : 1924 births|1985 deaths|Female Native American leaders|People from Yavapai County, Arizona|Apache people|Civil rights activists|Native American activists|Native American politicians|Women's rights activists |
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