| 词条 | Vertical and horizontal evacuation |
| 释义 |
Vertical and horizontal evacuation are strategies for providing safety to humans in case of tsunami, hurricane or other natural disaster.{{sfn|Penuel|Statler|2010|p=186-188}} Vertical evacuationIn areas where horizontal evacuation to higher ground is impossible, vertical evacuation to higher areas of a structure may be a way to shelter individuals from the surge of water, several meters high, that can follow an earthquake in coastal areas.{{sfn|Penuel|Statler|2010|p=186}}{{sfn|Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program|2001|p=47}} In the United StatesThe U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency published design guidelines for vertical evacuation structures in 2008. According to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, serious discussions about vertical evacuation began in the United States following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.[2] The American Society of Civil Engineers adopted an updated edition of its building standards in September 2016, including tsunami hazards for the first time.[1] The first vertical evacuation site in the United States was Ocosta Elementary School, constructed in 2015–2016 on the Pacific Ocean coast in Westport, Washington, where a Cascadia subduction zone magnitude 9+ earthquake is expected to cause great tsunamis.{{sfn|CREW|2013}}[4] Horizontal evacuationAn alternative to vertical evacuation is horizontal evacuation, for instance a hurricane evacuation route. Critics of vertical evacuation planning have charged it with justifying even greater human density in areas prone to disaster, and prefer low density growth with horizontal evacuation planning.{{sfn|Beatley|Brower|Schwab|2002|p=68}} See also
References1. ^{{citation|date=September 28, 2016|title=Civil engineering society issues first-ever tsunami-safe building standards|url=http://oregonstate.edu/ua/ncs/archives/2016/sep/civil-engineering-society-issues-first-ever-tsunami-safe-building-standards|publisher=Oregon State University|accessdate=February 2, 2017}} (updated 2012)[2][3]2. ^1 {{citation|title=Breaking new ground on nation's first tsunami vertical evacuation site|publisher=Washington Military Department|date=January 16, 2015|url=http://mil.wa.gov/blog/news/post/nations-first-tsunami-vertical-evacuation-center-breaks-ground}} 3. ^1 {{citation|title=Tsunami Forces Debate over Vertical Evacuation|author=Michael MacRae|publisher=American Society of Mechanical Engineers|date=April 2011|url=https://www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/manufacturing-processing/tsunami-forces-debate-over-vertical-evacuation}} }} Bibliography
Further reading
2 : Emergency management|Earthquake and seismic risk mitigation |
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