| 词条 | Wanggumara |
| 释义 |
The Wongkumara were an indigenous people of the state of Queensland. LanguageOld Wankumara, spoken along the Bulloo River with the Kalali people, was a 'Karna–Mari fringe' language which died out with the passing of its last speakers in the late 20th century. 'Modern' Wankumara, spoken along the Wilson River, is a Karnic language, which according to Breen (1967) was identical to the speech of other peoples speaking the Wilson River language. The disambiguator 'modern' simply refers to the fact that the Wanggumara people continued speaking that language more recently than the other.[1]CountryAccording to Norman Tindale, the Wongkumara lands covered some {{convert|4,500|mi2|km2}}, stretching over Cooper Creek east of Nappa Merrie and Orientos to the area around the ephmeral Wilson River at Nockatunga.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=190}} Writing in 1886, F. W. Myles described their neighbouring tribes as follows: The names of the tribes which adjoin the Wonkomarra are, to the south, the Poidgerry (on the Currowinya Downs station) and the Bitharra (on the Bulloo Downs station); to the west, the Thiralla (on the Nockatoongo station) and Eromarra (on the Conbar History of contactThe first settlers arrived in 1863, and within two decades their population had been reduced substantially to just 90 people.{{sfn|Myles|1886|p=36}} Those surviving moved to Chastleton and NCarcowlah where they mingled with the Kalali.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=190}} Social organizationThe Wongkumara were divided into hordes, concerning which 2 names possibly referring to their clans survive.
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Notes{{notelist}}Citations1. ^{{AIATSIS|L25|Wangkumara}} Sources{{refbegin|30em}}
| last = Mathews | first = R. H. | author-link = Robert Hamilton Mathews | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales | year = 1899 | volume = 33 | pages = 108–111 | url = https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41998040 | ref = harv }}
| last = Mathews | first = R. H. | author-link = Robert Hamilton Mathews | journal = Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society | date = January 1900 | volume = 39 | issue = 161 | pages = 78–91+93 | jstor = 983545 | ref = harv }}
| last = Mathews | first = R. H. | author-link = Robert Hamilton Mathews | journal = Queensland Geographical Journal | year = 1905 | volume = 29 | pages = 49–75 | url = https://archive.org/download/queenslandgeogra26roya/queenslandgeogra26roya.pdf | format = PDF | ref = harv }}
| last = Myles | first = F. W. | year = 1886 | title = The Australian race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent | editor-last = Curr | editor-first = Edward Micklethwaite | editor-link = Edward Micklethwaite Curr | volume = Volume 2 | pages = 36–41 | publisher = J. Ferres | location = Melbourne | chapter-url = https://archive.org/download/cu31924026093827/cu31924026093827.pdf | chapter-format = PDF | ref = harv }}
| last = Tindale | first = Norman Barnett | author-link = Norman Tindale | year = 1974 | title = Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names | publisher = Australian National University Press | chapter-url = http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/wongkumara.htm | ref = harv }}{{refend}}{{Aboriginal peoples of Queensland}} 1 : Aboriginal peoples of Queensland |
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