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词条 Weinstein effect
释义

  1. Background

  2. Impact

  3. Analysis

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. Further reading

{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2018}}{{use American English|date=November 2017}}{{rape}}

The Weinstein effect[1][2] is a global trend in which people come forward to accuse famous or powerful men of sexual misconduct.[3][4] A worldwide wave of allegations began in the United States in October 2017, when media outlets reported on sexual abuse allegations against film producer Harvey Weinstein. The allegations were described as a "tipping point" or "watershed moment" and precipitated a "national reckoning" against sexual harassment.[4][5]

The effect gave rise to the Me Too movement, which encourages people to share their experiences of sexual harassment and assault, and the two events triggered a cascade of allegations that brought about the swift removal of many men in positions of power in the United States, while tarnishing and ending political careers of additional men as it spread around the world. In the entertainment industry, allegations led to the dismissal of actors and directors alike.[3][4]

Background

In July 2016, Fox News television host Gretchen Carlson filed a lawsuit against the station's chairman Roger Ailes, which led to his removal and encouraged journalists to pursue rumors about the conduct of Weinstein and political commentator Bill O'Reilly. Similar revelations and a lawsuit led to O'Reilly being fired in April 2017. Both Ailes and O'Reilly denied wrongdoing.{{r|USA Today 2017-10-25}} Ailes died in May 2017.

On October 5, 2017, The New York Times broke the first reports of decades of sexual misconduct claims against film producer Harvey Weinstein. On October 10, 2017, journalist Ronan Farrow reported further allegations Weinstein had sexually assaulted or harassed thirteen women, and raped three.[6]

Weinstein was immediately dismissed from The Weinstein Company. Weinstein had suppressed these cases through confidential financial settlements and nondisclosure agreements, as was common for celebrity sexual harassment cases, before journalists aired the story. Over eighty accusers came forward against Weinstein, including many well-known actresses.[7]

Impact

Jim Rutenberg of The New York Times said the Weinstein scandal precipitated a "national reckoning" against sexual harassment and assault in the United States,{{r|Rutenberg: Reckoning}} which became known as the Weinstein effect; on social media, it was widely known as "#pervnado".[8] USA Today wrote that 2017 was the year in which "sexual harassment became a fireable offense".{{r|USA Today 2017-10-25}}

Men and women aired claims of sexual misconduct in workplaces across multiple industries, leading to the swift international condemnation or removal of many men in positions of power. On Twitter, the #MeToo campaign encouraged hundreds of thousands of people to share their stories.{{r|Cook/Simons|USA Today 2017-10-25}} Examples of the effect are numerous, with actors such as Kevin Spacey, Dustin Hoffman, Louis C.K., Ben Affleck, and filmmakers Brett Ratner and James Toback all being affected.[4] In journalism, allegations led to the firing of editors, publishers, executives, and hosts, including high-profile television figures such as Charlie Rose, Mark Halperin, and Matt Lauer.[4] In politics, accusations of varying degrees of severity were made against U.S. House Representative John Conyers (D-MI) and U.S. Senator Al Franken (D-MN), both of whom resigned their seats in Congress, and Roy Moore (R-AL), who lost his 2017 bid for election to the United States Senate.[4] Celebrity chefs Mario Batali and John Besh were also removed.[4]

Two supporters of the #MeToo movement were also accused. CBS chairman and CEO Leslie Moonves was one of Hollywood's most prominent supporters of the #MeToo Movement and a founding member of the "Commission on Sexual Harassment and Advancing Equality in the Workplace", formed in late 2017 to "tackle the broad culture of abuse and power disparity".[9][10][11][12][13] On July 27, 2018, six women, including actress Illeana Douglas, accused him of sexually harassing them.[14] On August 19, 2018, an article published in The New York Times detailed allegations that Asia Argento sexually assaulted Jimmy Bennett, a then 17-year-old actor and musician, in a California hotel in 2013, and arranged to pay $380,000 to her accuser.[15][16][17] Bennett was under the California age of consent, which is 18 years of age, and says he was given alcohol under the age of 21.[17][26][27] Argento was a leading Weinstein accuser and prominent #MeToo movement leader.[17][18][19]

The Weinstein effect was felt outside the United States, especially, but not solely, in the English-speaking world. In the United Kingdom, allegations of sexual misconduct against many British politicians became a public scandal involving dozens of women accusers across decades and political parties. It led to the resignations of Defense Secretary Michael Fallon, Cabinet Secretary Damian Green and Welsh minister Carl Sargeant (who took his own life, four days after his dismissal).[20] In January 2018, reports of sexual harassment at the high-society Presidents Club charity dinner caused another scandal. In Canada, accusations against Just for Laughs comedy festival founder Gilbert Rozon led to his resignation, and 15 people accused Quebec radio host Éric Salvail of sexual misconduct. Broadcaster and former baseball player Gregg Zaun was fired.[21]

Analysis

American journalists in conversation at NPR spoke of the allegations feeling like a tipping point for societal treatment of sexual misconduct.{{r|NPR: Tipping Point}} They distinguished the moment from prior sexual misconduct public debates by the public trust in the accusers, who in this case were celebrities familiar to the public, rather than the accusers in prior cases, in which the accusers were unknown and became famous for their testimony. Social media provides a platform for women to share their experiences and encouragement at a scale that had not existed during prior public debates.{{r|NPR: Tipping Point}} The state of California is considering legislation to ban closed door sexual harassment settlements.{{r|USA Today 2017-10-25}}

Two columnists of the USA Today expressed doubt that the trend of public opinion would hold, citing open, public cases with few consequences, such as R. Kelly and Donald Trump.{{r|USA Today 2017-10-25}} The Weinstein effect also caused multiple sources to question the place of Bill Clinton within the Democratic Party due to the sexual assault allegations against him.[22][23][24]

See also

  • Me Too movement
  • Believe women
  • 2017–18 United States political sexual scandals
  • Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims
  • Time's Up

References

1. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/pages/interactives/life/the-harvey-weinstein-effect |title=The Harvey Weinstein effect |work=USA TODAY|access-date=January 27, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207222753/https://www.usatoday.com/pages/interactives/life/the-harvey-weinstein-effect |archivedate=December 7, 2017}}
2. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2017/11/28/the-sexual-harassment-reckoning-takes-turn-the-weinstein-effect-hits-wall/oaFBb6caAFUjD7sC1Tt6GO/story.html |title=The 'Weinstein effect' hits a wall |work=BostonGlobe.com|access-date=January 27, 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128081718/https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2017/11/28/the-sexual-harassment-reckoning-takes-turn-the-weinstein-effect-hits-wall/oaFBb6caAFUjD7sC1Tt6GO/story.html |archivedate=January 28, 2018}}
3. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/harvey-weinstein-effect-goes-global-powerful-men-confronted |title=Powerful men confronted as 'Weinstein Effect' goes global |publisher=CBS News |date=November 14, 2017 |accessdate=December 8, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208181856/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/harvey-weinstein-effect-goes-global-powerful-men-confronted |archivedate=December 8, 2017}}
4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web |last=Worthen |first=Meredith |url=https://www.biography.com/news/men-accused-of-sexual-misconduct-harvey-weinstein-2017 |title=100 Powerful Men Accused of Sexual Misconduct in 2017 |website=Biography.com |date=December 20, 2017 |accessdate=December 30, 2017 |deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228001933/https://www.biography.com/news/men-accused-of-sexual-misconduct-harvey-weinstein-2017 |archivedate=December 28, 2017}}
5. ^{{cite web |last=Dejesus-Remaklus |first=Mariah |url=http://www.thenorthernlight.org/red-zone-weinstein-effect-sparks-national-reckoning-against-sexual-assault-and-harassment |title=Red Zone: 'Weinstein effect' sparks national reckoning against sexual assault and harassment |website=The Northern Light |accessdate=December 8, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208131059/http://www.thenorthernlight.org/red-zone-weinstein-effect-sparks-national-reckoning-against-sexual-assault-and-harassment |archivedate=December 8, 2017}}
6. ^{{cite news |last=Farrow |first=Ronan |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/from-aggressive-overtures-to-sexual-assault-harvey-weinsteins-accusers-tell-their-stories |title=From Aggressive Overtures to Sexual Assault: Harvey Weinstein's Accusers Tell Their Stories |work=The New Yorker |date=October 10, 2017 |accessdate=October 10, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010151730/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/from-aggressive-overtures-to-sexual-assault-harvey-weinsteins-accusers-tell-their-stories |archivedate=October 10, 2017}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.newsweek.com/harvey-weinstein-accusers-sexual-assault-harassment-696485 |title=Harvey Weinstein Accusers: Over 80 Women Now Claim Producer Sexually Assaulted or Harassed Them |last=Williams |first=Janice |website=Newsweek |date=October 30, 2017 |accessdate=November 2, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102010729/http://www.newsweek.com/harvey-weinstein-accusers-sexual-assault-harassment-696485 |archivedate=November 2, 2017}}
8. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/who-will-survive-the-pervnado/article/2010744 |title=Who Will Survive the Pervnado? |date=December 6, 2017 |work=Weekly Standard|access-date=December 14, 2017}}
9. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/08/06/les-moonves-and-cbs-face-allegations-of-sexual-misconduct|title=Les Moonves and CBS Face Allegations of Sexual Misconduct|work=The New Yorker|access-date=2018-11-07|language=en-US}}
10. ^{{cite news |last1=Jayme Deerwester |last2=Andrea Mandell |title=Leslie Moonves accused of sexually harassing six women in New Yorker piece |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2018/07/27/cbs-chief-les-moonves-ronan-farrow-sexual-misconduct-allegations/849596002/ |access-date=September 10, 2018 |work=USA Today |date=July 28, 2018 |quote=A public proponent of the #MeToo movement, Moonves}}
11. ^{{cite news |last1=Eric Lutz |title=CBS exec Les Moonves accused of sexual misconduct in latest Ronan Farrow bombshell |url=https://mic.com/articles/190488/cbs-exec-les-moonves-accused-of-sexual-misconduct-in-latest-ronan-farrow-bombshell#.W5NeXvR5A |access-date=September 10, 2018 |work=Mic |date=July 28, 2018 |quote=Moonves has also been a vocal supporter of the #MeToo movement}}
12. ^{{cite news |last1=Wattles |first1=Jackie |title=Hollywood execs name Anita Hill to lead anti-harassment effort |url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/12/16/media/anita-hill-hollywood-commission-for-eliminating-sexual-harassment/index.html |accessdate=September 10, 2018 |work=CNNMoney |publisher=Cable News Network |date=December 16, 2017 |quote=Among the list of the commission's members are:... -- Les Moonves, chairman/CEO of CBS Corp}}
13. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/15/movies/anita-hill-hollywood-commission-sexual-harassment.html |title=Anita Hill to Lead Hollywood Commission on Sexual Harassment |last1=Cara Buckley |date=December 15, 2017 |work=The New York Times|access-date=September 10, 2018}}
14. ^{{cite web |title=Les Moonves and CBS Face Allegations of Sexual Misconduct |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/08/06/les-moonves-and-cbs-face-allegations-of-sexual-misconduct |website=The New Yorker |accessdate=July 27, 2018}}
15. ^{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/italian-actress-asia-argento-who-accused-weinsten-of-misconduct-slammed-for-payout-to-sexual-assault-accuser/articleshow/65473301.cms|title=Italian actress Asia Argento, who accused Weinsten of misconduct, slammed for payout to sexual assault accuser|date=2018-08-20|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-11-07}}
16. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/identities/2018/8/21/17760222/asia-argento-jimmy-bennett-sexual-assault-me-too|title=The Asia Argento allegations reveal our damaging misconceptions about sexual assault survivors|last=North|first=Anna|date=2018-08-21|work=Vox|access-date=2018-11-07}}
17. ^1 2 {{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/19/us/asia-argento-assault-jimmy-bennett.html |title=Asia Argento, Who Accused Weinstein, Made Deal With Her Own Accuser |last=Severson |first=Kim |date=August 19, 2018 |work=The New York Times |access-date=August 20, 2018}}
18. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2018/08/19/asia-argento-paid-off-sexual-assault-accuser-nyt-report-says/1039417002/|title=Report: #MeToo leader, Weinstein accuser Asia Argento paid off her sexual assault accuser|last=Willis|first=Kim|date=2018-08-19|work=USA TODAY|access-date=2018-11-07|language=en}}
19. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/20/entertainment/asia-argento-alleged-assault-settlement/index.html|title=New York Times: Asia Argento, #MeToo leader, paid sexual assault accuser|last=France|first=Lisa Respers|date=2018-08-22|work=CNN|access-date=2018-11-07|last2=Cullinane|first2=Susannah}}
20. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-42057642 |title=The death of Carl Sargeant: Timeline |date=November 21, 2017 |work=BBC News|access-date=November 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201101405/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-42057642 |archivedate=December 1, 2017}}
21. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/2017/11/30/gregg-zaun-fired-from-sportsnet-for-inappropriate-behaviour-and-comments.html |title=Toronto Star |publisher=Thestar.com |accessdate=December 7, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207013225/https://www.thestar.com/sports/2017/11/30/gregg-zaun-fired-from-sportsnet-for-inappropriate-behaviour-and-comments.html |archivedate=December 7, 2017}}
22. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/abuse-allegations-have-revived-scrutiny-of-bill-clinton--and-divided-democrats/2017/11/17/3d1711c8-cba4-11e7-b244-2d22ac912500_story.html |title=Abuse allegations have revived scrutiny of Bill Clinton — and divided Democrats |first1=Karen |last1=Tumulty |first2=Katie |last2=Mettler |date=November 17, 2017|access-date=November 19, 2017 |work=The Washington Post |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119050428/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/abuse-allegations-have-revived-scrutiny-of-bill-clinton--and-divided-democrats/2017/11/17/3d1711c8-cba4-11e7-b244-2d22ac912500_story.html |archivedate=November 19, 2017}}
23. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/11/reckoning-with-bill-clintons-sex-crimes/545729 |title=Bill Clinton: A Reckoning |first=Caitlin |last=Flanagan |website=TheAtlantic.com|access-date=November 19, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118231945/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/11/reckoning-with-bill-clintons-sex-crimes/545729/ |archivedate=November 18, 2017}}
24. ^{{cite web |url=https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2017/11/17/politics/kirsten-gillibrand-bill-clinton-democrats/index.html |title=Are Democrats about to turn on Bill Clinton? |website=CNN.com|access-date=November 19, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119055217/https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2017/11/17/politics/kirsten-gillibrand-bill-clinton-democrats/index.html |archivedate=November 19, 2017}}
25. ^{{Cite news |last1=Cook |first1=Jesselyn |last2=Simons |first2=Ned |title=The Weinstein Effect: How A Hollywood Scandal Sparked A Global Movement Against Sexual Misconduct |work=The Huffington Post |date=November 8, 2017 |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/weinstein-effect-global_us_5a01d0e0e4b066c2c03a563b |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112204748/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/weinstein-effect-global_us_5a01d0e0e4b066c2c03a563b |archivedate=November 12, 2017}}
26. ^{{cite web |last1=King |first1=Noel |title=Why 'The Weinstein Effect' Seems Like A Tipping Point |website=NPR.org |date=November 4, 2017 |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/11/04/562137110/why-the-weinstein-effect-seems-like-a-tipping-point |accessdate=November 11, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112023207/https://www.npr.org/2017/11/04/562137110/why-the-weinstein-effect-seems-like-a-tipping-point |archivedate=November 12, 2017}}
27. ^{{Cite news |last1=Rutenberg |first1=Jim |authorlink=Jim Rutenberg |title=A Long-Delayed Reckoning of the Cost of Silence on Abuse |work=The New York Times |date=October 22, 2017 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/22/business/media/a-long-delayed-reckoning-of-the-cost-of-silence-on-abuse.html |issn=0362-4331 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124010821/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/22/business/media/a-long-delayed-reckoning-of-the-cost-of-silence-on-abuse.html |archivedate=November 24, 2017}}
28. ^{{cite web |last1=Guynn |first1=Jessica |last2=Della Cava |first2=Marco |title=Harvey Weinstein effect: Men are getting outed and some are getting fired as women speak up. And it's spreading |website=USA Today |date=October 25, 2017 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2017/10/25/harvey-weinstein-effect-men-losing-their-jobs-and-reputations-over-sexual-misconduct-charges-bu/796007001 |accessdate=November 11, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107042347/https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2017/10/25/harvey-weinstein-effect-men-losing-their-jobs-and-reputations-over-sexual-misconduct-charges-bu/796007001/ |archivedate=November 7, 2017}}
-->[25][26][27]

[28]}}

Further reading

  • {{cite web |last1=Allsop |first1=Jon |last2=Ho |first2=Karen K. |title=Global media confronts its own Weinsteins |website=Columbia Journalism Review |date=November 1, 2017 |url=https://www.cjr.org/watchdog/media-weinstein-sexual-harassment-global.php |accessdate=November 11, 2017}}
  • {{Cite news |last1=Almukhtar |first1=Sarah |last2=Buchanan |first2=Larry |last3=Gold |first3=Michael |title=After Weinstein: A List of Men Accused of Sexual Misconduct and the Fallout for Each |work=The New York Times |date=November 10, 2017 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/11/10/us/men-accused-sexual-misconduct-weinstein.html |issn=0362-4331}}
  • {{Cite news |last1=Astor |first1=Maggie |title=Jeffrey Tambor Leaves 'Transparent' After Sexual Misconduct Allegations |work=The New York Times |date=November 19, 2017 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/19/arts/television/jeffrey-tambor-transparent.html |issn=0362-4331}}
  • {{Cite news |last1=Bennett |first1=Jessica |title=The 'Click' Moment: How the Weinstein Scandal Unleashed a Tsunami |work=The New York Times |date=November 5, 2017 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/05/us/sexual-harrasment-weinstein-trump.html |issn=0362-4331}}
  • {{Cite news |last1=Bowles |first1=Nellie |title=Men at Work Wonder if They Overstepped With Women, Too |work=The New York Times |date=November 10, 2017 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/10/business/men-at-work-wonder-sexual-harassment.html |issn=0362-4331}}
  • {{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Stassa |title=This Is What a News Cycle That Holds Sexual Predators Accountable Looks Like |website=Jezebel |date=November 9, 2017 |url=https://jezebel.com/this-is-what-a-news-cycle-that-holds-sexual-predators-a-1820256617 |accessdate=November 11, 2017}}
  • {{Cite news |last1=Hess |first1=Amanda |title=How the Myth of the Artistic Genius Excuses the Abuse of Women |work=The New York Times |date=November 10, 2017 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/10/arts/sexual-harassment-art-hollywood.html |issn=0362-4331}}
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