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词条 Whitewashing in film
释义

  1. History

  2. Role of executives

  3. Business aspect

  4. Whitewashing and cultural appropriation

  5. Anti-whitewashing campaigns

  6. Examples of associated cases

  7. Notes

  8. See also

  9. References

  10. Bibliography

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}Whitewashing is a casting practice in the film industry of the United States in which white actors are cast in historically non-white character roles or in roles which are scripted for non-white characters. The film industry has a history of frequently casting white actors for roles about non-white characters. By downplaying the roles that such figures have had in cultural events, the practice is seen as a form of censorship analogous to the whitewashing of criticism.[1][2]

History

In the early 20th century, white actors caricatured different races by wearing blackface or yellowface, commonly exaggerating the perceived stereotypes of other races. For example, white actor Warner Oland played the Chinese detective Charlie Chan in Charlie Chan Carries On (1931) and subsequent films. Because of the lack of characters of color in the film industry, these roles were well received at the time by minorities.[3] Films became more racially integrated by the mid 20th-century, and blackface mostly disappeared from the film industry. The film Othello (1965) was an exception, as the white actor Laurence Olivier was cast as "the Moor." He wore blackface as the title character. Other, more modern, exceptions include Soul Man and Tropic Thunder in which blackface is played solely for comedic effect.

The practice of "yellowface" extended into the 1960s. For instance, Mickey Rooney played a Japanese[3] landlord in Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961).[3] Professor David A. Schlossman said of Asian characters in particular, "Many of the Asian roles portrayed by White actors also contributed to the pantheon of racial stereotypes in US national discourse."[6] At the start of the 21st century, minorities were still under-represented in the film industry at different stages. While historically black roles are now generally cast with black actors, the practice of whitewashing applied to other minorities.[3]

Guy Aoki said African Americans "have long felt the full brunt of the 'whitewashing' of roles" and that Asians have experienced it as well.[8] Native Americans have also had their historic leaders and warriors portrayed by whites.[4]

Role of executives

The BBC said in 2015, "The practice of casting white actors in non-white roles is still prevalent in Hollywood – despite widespread condemnation and protest." A report in 2013 showed that 94% of film executives were white and that non-white people were under-represented as filmmakers and actors. The BBC explored two reasons for the casting practice: institutional racism and producers believing that well-known white actors attract more audiences and maximize profits. Thomas Rothman, the chairman of Sony Pictures said, "I guess there's a certain institutional force and memory that exists out there... I think the industry's improving but I certainly agree with those who say we haven't come far enough fast enough."[8]

Jeffery Mio, author of Multicultural Psychology: Understanding Our Diverse Communities, hypothesizes that the film industry, mostly white, hires people of similar backgrounds. Mio said of the rationale that only the most qualified actors are cast, "That's the argument that directors and casting directors make, but a lot of times ethnic actors will tell us that when they say we're just choosing the best actor, they mean we're choosing our friends, or people we're used to."[8] Craig Detweiler, professor of film history at Pepperdine University, said, "There are a shortage {{sic}} of African American, Asian and Latino stars. For all Hollywood's progressive politics, its casting decisions look remarkably retrograde."[5] In 2010, TheWrap ascribed the lack of racial diversity to institutional racism and a lack of bankable actors of color and that whitewashing in films like Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time and The Last Airbender aggravated the issue.[5]

Business aspect

On casting white actors to maximize profits, David White, National Executive Director of the actors' union SAG-AFTRA said popular black actors such as Will Smith, Denzel Washington, and David Oyelowo refuted the casting rationale.[8] Assistant professor of telecommunications Andrew J. Weaver said, "There is an assumption in Hollywood that whites would avoid movies with majority black casts, or any race cast for that matter. You see this whitewashing of films – even films that have minority characters written into them are being cast with whites."[15] Film professor Mitchell W. Block said studios adhered to casting norms as a matter of practicing business to appeal to investors and producers.[6] Director Ridley Scott said without the casting of big-name actors, his 2014 biblical epic film Gods and Kings would never have been made, saying, "I can't mount a film of this budget... and say that my lead actor is Mohammad so-and-so from such-and-such... I'm just not going to get financed."[6][18][7] USA Today noted with films like Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961), A Mighty Heart (2007), and Pan (2015), "White actors continue to be top of mind for plum roles, despite the under-representation of people of color at the acting, directing and producing levels."[6]

Whitewashing and cultural appropriation

According to The New York Times, Asian-Americans make up 5.4 percent of the population.[8] However, according to a study by the University of Southern California Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism in 2016, only 5 percent of speaking roles go to Asian-Americans, and they are given only one percent of lead roles in film, while white actors account for 76.2 percent of lead roles.[8] Writing for The Student Printz, Alyssa Bass described this as "frustrating" both for "Asian-American actors constantly being overlooked and Asian-American audiences feeling invisible."[8]

In 2017, Ghost in the Shell, which is based on the seinen manga Ghost in the Shell by Masamune Shirow, provoked disputes over whitewashing. Scarlett Johansson, a white actress, took the role of Motoko Kusanagi, a Japanese character.[9] This was seen as cultural appropriation by some fans of the original manga who expected the role to be taken by an Asian or Asian-American actor.[9] Johansson called her character "identity-less," and the spokesperson for Kodansha and Sam Yoshiba, the publisher of Ghost in the Shell, told The Hollywood Reporter, "She has the cyberpunk feel. And we never imagined it would be a Japanese actress in the first place."[8] Additionally, in an interview with IGN, the director of the original Ghost in the Shell anime Mamoru Oshii expressed contentment with the casting. He concluded "I believe having Scarlett play Motoko was the best possible casting for this movie. I can only sense a political motive from the people opposing it, and I believe artistic expression must be free from politics."[10] However, screenwriter Max Landis attributed the casting to that "[t]here are no A-list female Asian celebrities right now on an international level," admonishing viewers for "not understanding how the industry works."[11] The film ended up failing at the box office, and it was considered by Bass that the casting controversy contributed to its failure.[8]

Anti-whitewashing campaigns

Media watchdog groups have sought more authentic representations on screen, taking issue with casting decisions such as actor Johnny Depp as a Native American in The Lone Ranger (2013).[8] With films from the United States receiving promotion in more global markets, the groups argue for roles that represent the diversity of audiences, who are seeking more authenticity. SAG-AFTRA's David White demurred on groups' opposition to casting white actors in non-white roles, "The laws insist that one's race not be part of the qualifications for a job," but he recognized that there was a lack of diversity in roles available.[8] Law professor John Tehranian said, "Of course, there is nothing inherently wrong with race-blind casting, as long as it works both ways. But in reality, it never has; one rarely sees, for example, an African American, Latino, or Asian actor cast as a white character."[32][12]

Examples of associated cases

Below is a list of some of the films that have had their casting criticized as whitewashing:

FilmYearDescription
21 2008 The film about card counting features actors Jim Sturgess, Kate Bosworth, Jacob Pitts and Kevin Spacey in the lead roles. The film is based on the true story where a group of Asian American students and their teacher applied card counting to win significantly in gambling.[3][35][36][37][38] Jeff Ma said that the controversy was "overblown" and that the important aspect is that a talented actor would portray him.[13] Ma, who is Chinese American, told USA Today, "I would have been a lot more insulted if they had chosen someone who was Japanese or Korean, just to have an Asian playing me."[14]
30 Days of Night 2007 In the vampire horror film, actor Josh Hartnett plays Sheriff Eben Oleson in an Alaskan town. The originating comic book mini-series featured the character as Sheriff Eben Olemaun, who is of Inuit descent.[35][36][37]
7 Women 1966 The film, about European & American missionaries in 1935 China, features black man Woody Strode and white man Mike Mazurki, both playing Chinese warriors.
Aloha 2015 The romantic comedy-drama features an all-white principal cast and is set in the state of Hawaii, which is over 70% nonwhite. One of the actors, Emma Stone, portrayed the character Allison Ng; the character is stated as having a mother of Swedish descent and a father of half Native Hawaiian and half Chinese descent.[44][45][46]
Anna and the King of Siam 1946 In the historical drama film, actor Rex Harrison plays the Siamese king Mongkut.[47]
Annihilation 2018 In the science fiction film, actresses Natalie Portman and Jennifer Jason Leigh play characters who in the novel are, respectively, of Asian and half Native American descent. The characters' physical descriptions were only mentioned in passing in the second novel, following Annihilation.[48]
Apache 1954 In the Western film, actor Burt Lancaster plays an Apache warrior.[44][35][37]
Argo 2012 In the political thriller film based on a true story, actor Ben Affleck plays Tony Mendez, a CIA technical operations officer who is of half Mexican descent.[35][36][46] Tony Mendez himself said he did not think of himself as Hispanic.[15]
Batman Begins 2005 In the superhero film featuring Batman, actor Liam Neeson plays Ra's al Ghul, who is traditionally depicted in Batman comics to be of Arab descent.[56]
{{sortname|A|Beautiful Mind|dab=film 2001 In the biographical film about John Nash, actor Jennifer Connelly plays Alicia Nash, who was born in El Salvador.[3][35][36][60]
{{sortname|The|Beguiled|dab=2017 film 2017 The drama film set in the Southern United States during the American Civil War was based on a 1966 novel that featured the mixed-race teenager Edwina and the black enslaved maid Mattie. Edwina was recast as a white teacher (played by Kirsten Dunst) and Mattie was cut out of the film. Director Sofia Coppola explained the removal, "I didn't want to brush over such an important topic in a light way. Young girls watch my films and this was not the depiction of an African-American character I would want to show them."[61]
{{sortname|The|Big Wedding 2013 In the comedy film, actor Ben Barnes plays a Colombian character and wears brownface makeup for the part.[62]
Black Narcissus 1947 In the drama film based on a 1939 novel, actress Jean Simmons plays a Kanchi, Tibetan maiden.[16]
Breakfast at Tiffany's 1961 In the romantic comedy film, actor Mickey Rooney plays Holly Golightly's Asian neighbor.[3][35][37][67][68]
{{sortname|The|Birth of a Nation 1915 In the silent epic drama film, African-Americans were played by white actors in blackface. The film as a whole was highly controversial for its portrayal of African-Americans as unintelligent and sexually aggressive towards white women, and the portrayal of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) (whose original founding is dramatized) as a heroic force.[17][18] There were widespread African-American protests against the film, while the NAACP spearheaded an unsuccessful campaign to ban the film.[19]

The film's release was credited as one of the events that inspired the "second era" Ku Klux Klan at Stone Mountain, Georgia, in the same year. The Birth of a Nation, along with the trial and lynching of Leo Frank for the 1913 murder of Mary Phagan in Atlanta, was used as a recruiting tool for the KKK. Under President Woodrow Wilson, it was the first American motion picture to be screened at the White House.[20]

Charlie Chan Carries On 1931 Actor Warner Oland plays Chinese detective Charlie Chan in the film, as well as others featuring the character.[3]
Cocaine Godmother 2018 In the biographical crime-drama television film, actress Catherine Zeta-Jones plays real-life Colombian drug lord Griselda Blanco.[22]
{{sortname|The|Conqueror|dab=1956 film 1956 In the epic film, actor John Wayne plays the title character Genghis Khan, a Mongol emperor.[3][35][37][67][68]
{{sortname|The|Curse of La Llorona 2019 In the supernatural horror film based on the Latin American folktale of La Llorona, actress Linda Cardellini plays a character named Anna Garcia.[85]
Death Note 2017 The English-language adaptation of the Japanese manga relocates the story to Seattle and renamed the protagonist Light Turner. USA Today reported that the film received backlash for whitewashing in casting white actors when Asian American actors could have been cast.[86]
Dr. No1962 In the spy film, the first James Bond film, Canadian actor Joseph Wiseman plays the titular Julius No, who is half-Chinese, while British actress Zena Marshall plays Miss Taro, another character of Asian descent.[23]
Doctor Strange2016 In the superhero film, actress Tilda Swinton plays the Ancient One, who in the comics is a man from Kamar-Taj, a fictional kingdom in the Himalayas.[24][25][26][27]
Dragon Seed 1944 In the war drama film, actor Katharine Hepburn plays the Chinese protagonist Jade.[35][37][94]
Dragonball Evolution 2009 In the film based on the Japanese manga Dragon Ball, actor Justin Chatwin plays the lead character Goku.[35][37]
Drive 2011 In the crime film, actor Carey Mulligan plays Irene, who is depicted as Latin in the original novel.[35][36]
Earthsea 2004 In the television miniseries adaptation of the "Earthsea" novels, most characters, including the main character Ged, are portrayed as white. In the original novels by Ursula K. Le Guin, Ged's skin is dark red-brown and the majority of people of the world are nonwhite; Le Guin has criticized this casting.[99][100]
Edge of Tomorrow 2014 In the science fiction film, actor Tom Cruise plays William Cage, a version of the novel's Japanese protagonist Keiji Kiriya.[94][102]
Gods and Kings 2014 In the Biblical epic film, actors Christian Bale, Joel Edgerton, Sigourney Weaver and Aaron Paul play Biblical figures who are of non-European origin.[44][77][105] Director Ridley Scott said about his casting, "I can't mount a film of this budget, where I have to rely on tax rebates in Spain, and say that my lead actor is Mohammad so-and-so from such-and-such. I'm just not going to get it financed. So the question doesn't even come up."[18]
Fiesta 1947 In the musical drama film, actor Esther Williams plays the Mexican woman Maria Morales.[37]
Ghost in the Shell 2017 The U.S. live action adaptation of the Japanese franchise featured several white actors, including Scarlett Johansson, Pilou Asbæk, and Michael Pitt, in the roles of Japanese animated characters. Pavan Shamdasani of Asia Times said, "The original is about as Asian as things get: Japanese cult manga, ground-breaking anime, Hong Kong-inspired locations, Eastern philosophy-based story. Most of that's been downright ignored with its big-screen adaptation, and Scarlett Johansson's casting as the dark-haired, obviously originally Asian lead sent netizens into a rage."[28] Mamoru Oshii, director of the animated series, stated that the inspiration for the world of the film is not specifically Asian, nor is the ethnicity of the "shell" of the main character, specifically Japanese.[29][30]
Gods and Monsters 1998 In the biographical drama about the last years of film director James Whale, white actress Lynn Redgrave plays Whale's housemaid Hanna. In the original book Father of Frankenstein by Christopher Bram, the character of Hanna is Maria, a maid of Mexican descent. Bill Condon, scriptwriter of the film, justified it saying that the European servants of that time were considered of "more value" and thus accentuated the economic power of Whale's character.[111]
Gods of Egypt 2016 In the fantasy film, the principal cast of the Egyptian deities is portrayed by black and white non-Egyptian actors.[112]
{{sortname|The|Good Earth|dab=film 1937 In the drama film about Chinese farmers, actors Paul Muni and Luise Rainer play Chinese characters.[44][35][37]
{{sortname|The|Great Wall|dab=film 2016 In the film set in the Northern Song Dynasty of ancient China, Matt Damon stars in the lead role of William Garin.[31][32][33] Director Zhang Yimou defended the casting choice, stating that Damon is not playing a role that was originally conceived for a Chinese actor.[34] Two examples of critics providing differing opinions on the film: Pavan Shamdasani of Asia Times said, "His 'white man saves China' shtick brought together the wide spectrum of film critics, respected historians and the internet's most thin-skinned trolls, in an outpouring of sheer outrage against blatant Hollywood whitewashing."[28] Ann Hornaday, chief film critic for the Washington Post, writes that "early concerns about Damon playing a 'white savior' in the film turn out to be unfounded: his character, a mercenary soldier, is heroic, but also clearly a foil for the superior principles and courage of his Chinese allies."[35]
{{sortname|The|Greatest Story Ever Told 1965 In the Biblical epic film, non-Middle Eastern actors play Biblical figures who are of Middle Eastern origin. Actor Max von Sydow plays Jesus Christ.[105]
Hell to Eternity 1960 In the war drama film based on a true story, actor Jeffrey Hunter plays Guy Gabaldon, who in real life was of Mexican descent [123]
{{sortname|The|House of the Spirits|dab=film 1993 In the period drama set in Chile, actors Meryl Streep, Glenn Close, Jeremy Irons and Winona Ryder play Latin characters.[6]
Hud 1963 In the drama film, actor Patricia Neal plays Alma, a housekeeper at a ranch, where in the original novel, Horseman, Pass By, the character was a black housekeeper named Halmea. The director said of casting a white actor for the character, "We would have loved to keep her black for the movie. She has moral strength, she's benevolent, she's tough-minded, and she's secure in herself. So we would have loved to say to the world, 'Look, here's a hell of a woman, and she's black,' but in those days you simply couldn't do it, and not because the talent wasn't there—there were at least a half-dozen powerhouse black actresses who could have played that role. But the times weren't ready for it yet, and it was, of course, further complicated by the attempted rape."[125]
{{sortname|The|Human Stain|dab=film 2003 In the drama film, actor Anthony Hopkins plays Coleman Silk, a former professor who is African-American and has been passing as a white Jew.[77][127]
{{sortname|The|Hunger Games|dab=film 2012 In the science fiction adventure film, actor Jennifer Lawrence stars as Katniss Everdeen,[35][36][77][127] who author Suzanne Collins described to have the typical look of her district: olive skin, straight black hair, and grey eyes. Nicola Balkind in Fan Phenomena: The Hunger Games said that readers perceived Katniss and her people to be nonwhite; the film's casting call for Katniss specified a Caucasian appearance.[132] Collins said Katniss as well as Gale "were not particularly intended to be biracial" as readers thought, "It is a time period where hundreds of years have passed from now. There's been a lot of ethnic mixing."[133]

Deidre Anne Evans Garriott, Whitney Elaine Jones and Julie Elizabeth Tyler said about the casting call, "Calling for a Caucasian actress clearly excludes other capable actresses and privileges whiteness in Hollywood... This casting choice over an actress who may look more like the Katniss Collins describes—and who may or may not self-identify as Caucasian—may challenge traditional ideas of beauty, and how Western society associates beauty with heroism."[134]

I Don't Know How She Does It 2011 In the book, Momo Gumeratne is a Sri Lankan woman.[36] In the 2011 film adaptation, Momo Gumeratne is renamed Momo Hahn and is played by Olivia Munn, an actress of mixed Chinese, English, Irish and German descent.[37]
Imitation of Life 1959 In the romantic drama film, actor Susan Kohner plays Sarah Jane, a mixed ethnicity woman who can pass as white.[37][77]
{{anchor|Brynner {{sortname|The|King and I|dab=1956 film 1956 In the musical film, Yul Brynner plays the Thai king Mongkut.[6][94] Despite Brynner claiming to have distant Mongolian ancestry, Brynner is widely considered a white actor.[141][142]
King David 1985 In the Biblical epic film, non-Middle Eastern actors play Biblical figures who are of Middle Eastern origin. Richard Gere plays the Biblical figure David.[105]
{{sortname|The|King of Fighters|dab=film 2010 In the martial arts action film based on the video game series, actor Sean Faris stars as the Japanese Kyo Kusanagi.[144]
King of Kings 1961 In the Biblical epic film, non-Middle Eastern actors play biblical figures who are of Middle Eastern origin. Jeffrey Hunter plays Jesus Christ.[105]
Kubo and the Two Strings 2016 In the stop motion animated fantasy film, several white actors voice Japanese characters. The titular character Kubo is voiced by Irish actor Art Parkinson.[38]
{{sortname|The|Last Airbender 2010 In the fantasy adventure film based on the TV series The Last Airbender, white actors play characters that are depicted as East Asian and Inuit in the TV series. On the other hand, the actors portraying the antagonist Fire Nation characters are mainly Middle Eastern and Indian.[3][35][36][37][68][94]
{{sortname|The|Last Temptation of Christ|dab=film 1988 In the Biblical epic film, non-Middle Eastern actors play Biblical figures who are of Middle Eastern origin, including Willem Dafoe as Jesus Christ.[105]
Lawrence of Arabia 1962 In the historical epic film, actor Alec Guinness plays the Arab Prince Faisal.[47]
{{sortname|The|Lone Ranger|dab=2013 film 2013 In the Western film, actor Johnny Depp plays the Comanche sidekick Tonto.[3][36] Depp has claimed on several occasions that he has some Cherokee or Comanche ancestry.[39]
Lost Boundaries 1949 In the drama film based on a true story, white actors play members of a family that is partly African-American but passes as white.[158]
Mackenna's Gold1969In the western film, white actress Julie Newmar plays Hesh-Ke, a Native American woman.[40]
{{sortname|A|Majority of One|dab=film 1961 In the comedy film, actor Alec Guinness plays a Japanese businessman.[47]
{{sortname|The|Martian|dab=film 2015 In the science fiction film based on the 2011 novel, actress Mackenzie Davis plays Mission Control satellite planner Mindy Park.[161] Author Andy Weir said he "perceived" Mindy Park as Korean but said he did not explicitly write her as Korean.[162] Another character from the book, Venkat Kapoor, who is of Hindu descent, also became Vincent Kapoor in the film, and is played by Chiwetel Ejiofor, a British actor of Nigerian descent.[163]
{{sortname|A|Mighty Heart|dab=film 2007 In the drama film based on the memoir of the same name, actress Angelina Jolie plays Mariane Pearl, a French-born woman born to a Cuban mother of Afro-Chinese descent and Dutch Jewish father.[35][37][38][46][77][127][170]
My Dinner with Hervé 2018 In the drama film based on a true story, actor Peter Dinklage plays Hervé Villechaize, who was reported to be of Filipino descent.[171] HBO programming president Casey Bloys said in July 2017 that Villechaize's family was not sure if they were Filipino.[41] Dinklage said in August 2018 that Villechaize was not Filipino, saying, "I've met his brother and other members of his family. He was French, and of German and English descent. So it’s strange these people are saying he’s Filipino." He blamed Wikipedia for characterizing Villechaize as such.[42]
Nightflyers 1987 In the science fiction film, actor Catherine Mary Stewart plays Miranda Dorlac, who in the originating 1980 novella by George R. R. Martin was the black character Melantha Jhirl.[174]
Noah 2014 The Biblical epic film features an all-white cast.[175] White actor Russell Crowe plays the Biblical figure Noah.[77][105] However, "fittingly for a Biblical story", two of the characters are played by Jewish actors (Jennifer Connelly and Logan Lerman).[43] Screenwriter Ari Handel said, "From the beginning, we were concerned about casting, the issue of race. What we realized is that this story is functioning at the level of myth, and as a mythical story, the race of the individuals doesn't matter. They're supposed to be stand-ins for all people... You either try to put everything in there, which just calls attention to it, or you just say, 'Let's make that not a factor, because we're trying to deal with everyman.'"[179] Handel said the race of Noah's family was cast based on the foremost casting of Russell Crowe and that he avoided casting other races for people outside the family as not to show "racial differences between who lived and who died" and as a result make "a terrible, terrible statement".[180]
Not Without My Daughter 1991 In the drama film, actor Alfred Molina, who is of Italian and Spanish descent, plays Sayyed Bozorg "Moody" Mahmoody, an Iranian physician.[32]
Othello 1965 In the film based on William Shakespeare's tragedy play Othello (c. 1603), actor Laurence Olivier plays in blackface the character Othello, who is of Moorish descent.[44][3][35][37][46][77][127]
{{sortname|The|Outsider|dab=1961 film 1961 In the biographical film, actor Tony Curtis plays Ira Hayes, a U.S. Marine of Native American descent.[35][37]
Pan 2015 In the fantasy film, actor Rooney Mara plays Tiger Lily, an American Indian character.[3]
{{sortname|The|Party|dab=1968 film 1968 In the comedy film, actor Peter Sellers plays an Indian actor.[35][68]
{{sortname|A|Passage to India|dab=film 1984 In the historical drama film, actor Alec Guinness plays the Indian character Professor Godbole.[47]
{{sortname|The|Passion of the Christ 2004 In the Biblical epic film, non-Middle Eastern actors play Biblical figures of Middle Eastern origin, including Jim Caviezel playing Jesus Christ.[105]
Pay It Forward 2000 In the drama film based on a novel, actor Kevin Spacey plays teacher Eugene Simonet. In the original book, the teacher is Reuben St. Clair, who is of African American descent.[3][36][127]
Pinky 1949 In the race drama film, actor Jeanne Crain plays a partly African American character who can pass as white.[158][170]
Power Rangers 2017 In the superhero film based on the television series, actress Elizabeth Banks plays Rita Repulsa, a role previously played by Asian actresses Machiko Soga, Carla Perez and Julia Cortez.[201][202]
Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time 2010 In the fantasy adventure film, actor Jake Gyllenhaal, who is half Jewish, plays the title character, a Persian.[3][35][67][68] Many Persians, including prominent Iranian American journalist Reza Aslan, have defended the casting as reflective of Persian self-identity.[44]
The Adventure Begins 1985 In the action-adventure film, actor Joel Grey plays a Korean martial arts master who trains Remo Williams.[37]
Scarface 1983 In the crime film, actor Al Pacino plays Tony Montana, who is of Cuban descent.[45] In fact most of the Cuban-American characters in the film were portrayed by non-Cuban actors.[46]
{{sortname|The|Sheik|dab=film 1921 In the romantic drama film, Italian actor Rudolph Valentino plays the Sheik, an Arab character from what is now Algeria.[32]
Short Circuit 1986 In the science fiction film, Jewish actor Fisher Stevens plays an Indian character.[37]
Short Circuit 2 1988 In the science fiction film, actor Fisher Stevens plays an Indian character.
Show Boat 1951 In the romantic drama film, actor Ava Gardner plays Julie, a character of mixed ethnicity. An actor of mixed ethnicity, Lena Horne, was originally cast to play Julie before the studio required a casting change.[6][158][170]
{{sortname|The|Social Network 2010 [3][218] Director David Fincher said, "we had read an enormous, probably a hundred, Indian actors who came in to read for Divya and I saw footage of the actual Divya Narendra who I've met now and he's kind of like Warren Beatty. There's nothing, aside from being incredibly tan, there's almost nothing that seems particularly ethnic about him.... and we couldn't find somebody with that sort of smoothness. I looked and I looked and I looked. We went to London, Paris, Montreal, we cast from everywhere and finally in the end I just felt that Max had the most, kind of, I just wanted to make sure that Divya was an equal. He was the most important third wheel in this triumvirate."[219]{{Better source>A DVD isn't an ideal source to verify long quotes from Fincher verbatim|date=September 2018}} Actor Aziz Ansari commented, "These days, Indian people, real Indian people, pop up way more in film and television, but fake Indians are still around more than you think. I loved 'The Social Network,' but I have a hard time understanding why the Indian-American Harvard student Divya Narendra was played by Max Minghella, a half-Chinese, half-Italian British actor."
{{sortname|The|Son of the Sheik 1926 In the adventure drama film, actor Rudolph Valentino plays the lead Arab character.[32]
Speed Racer 2008 In the film, Caucasian actors play the characters that are originally Asian in the Japanese manga and anime adaptation. Similarly, the names of the characters, all originally Japanese, are changed in favor of its Western regionalization. However, the character of Taejo Togokahn, played by Korean performer Rain, was created for the film as a homage.[222]
Star Trek Into Darkness 2013 In the science fiction film, actor Benedict Cumberbatch plays the villain Khan Noonien Singh, who is of Indian descent. In his previous cinematic and television appearances (The Wrath of Khan and "Space Seed"), the character is portrayed by Mexican actor of European descent Ricardo Montalbán.[36][224]
Starship Troopers 1997 In the science fiction film, actor Casper Van Dien plays John Rico. In the original book, the character was Juan Rico of Filipino descent.[37]
Stonewall 2015 The film about the Stonewall riots depicts a white male fictional protagonist, which members of the LGBT community contested as whitewashing that excluded the key involvement of transgender and lesbian women of color. Director Roland Emmerich, himself gay, said, "I didn't make this movie only for gay people, I made it also for straight people. I kind of found out, in the testing process, that actually, for straight people, [Danny] is a very easy in. Danny's very straight-acting. He gets mistreated because of that. [Straight audiences] can feel for him." He said he and screenwriter Jon Robin Baitz consulted historians and veterans and said, "There were only a couple of transgender women in the Stonewall ever. They were like a minority."[226]
Stuck 2007 In the thriller film based on a true story, actor Mena Suvari plays Brandi Boski, who is based on Chante Jawan Mallardin who is African American.[35][38][77][127]
{{sortname|The|Teahouse of the August Moon|dab=film 1956 In the comedy film, actor Marlon Brando plays the Japanese character Sakini.[6][35][37][67]
{{sortname|The|Ten Commandments|dab=1956 film 1956 In the Biblical epic film, non-Middle Eastern actors play Biblical figures of Middle Eastern origin. Moses is played by Charlton Heston and Ramesses II is played by Yul Brynner (see above).[235][44]
{{sortname|The|Thief of Bagdad|dab=1924 film 1924 In the swashbuckler film, actor Douglas Fairbanks plays the lead Arab character.[32]
Touch of Evil 1958 In the crime noir, actor Charlton Heston plays Miguel Vargas, a Mexican drug enforcement official.[35]
Wanted 2008 In the action film, actress Angelina Jolie plays Fox, who is African-American in the comics and modeled on actress Halle Berry.[239]
Warm Bodies 2013 In the zombie comedy film, actress Analeigh Tipton plays Nora, who is depicted in the book as half-Ethiopian.[35][77]
West Side Story 1961 In the romantic musical film, actress Natalie Wood plays Maria, who is of Puerto Rican descent.[6][35]
Whiskey Tango Foxtrot 2016 In the comedy-drama film based on a memoir and set in Afghanistan, actors Christopher Abbott and Alfred Molina portray Afghan characters.[244] Tina Fey, who produced and starred in the film, said, "I had a lot of say. If your next question is, why is Chris Abbott not Afghan? — I did beg [the casting directors], 'Guys, my preference would be a native speaker.' They pleaded their case that Chris [was] their choice." Fey added, "Tricky thing is, Afghans [can be] Caucasians."[245][47]
{{sortname|The|Wind and the Lion 1975 In the historical film, actor Sean Connery plays Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni, a leader of Berber insurrectionists.[32]
World Trade Center 2006 In the disaster drama film based on the September 11 attacks, actor William Mapother plays Marine Sergeant Jason Thomas, who in real life is black.[170]
{{sortname|The|Year of Living Dangerously|dab=film 1982 In the drama film, actress Linda Hunt plays a male Chinese Australian dwarf.[37]

Notes

  • Film adaptations of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, in which Captain Nemo has often been cast as European rather than as an Indian prince[44]

See also

{{portal|Film}}
  • Colour-blind casting
  • Racebending
  • White savior narrative in film
  • Straightwashing

References

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79. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite news | last=Merritt | first=Jonathan | url=https://theweek.com/articles/441860/why-does-hollywood-keep-barring-minorities-from-biblical-blockbusters | title=Why does Hollywood keep barring minorities from Biblical blockbusters? | work=The Week | date=December 2, 2014 | accessdate=August 27, 2015 | quote=Whitewashing Bible films is something of a Hollywood tradition spanning decades, and it won't change until audiences demand better. }}
80. ^1 {{cite news | last=Miller | first=Victoria | url=http://www.inquisitr.com/4321730/peter-dinklage-first-photo-as-herve-villechaize-sparks-accusations-of-whitewashing-ahead-of-hbo-film/ | title=Peter Dinklage First Photo As Herve Villechaize Sparks Accusations of Whitewashing | work=Inquisitr | date=June 25, 2017 | accessdate=July 13, 2017 }}
81. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite news | last=Moore | first=A. | url=http://atlantablackstar.com/2014/05/31/6-real-life-black-characters-that-hollywood-cast-as-white-people-instead/ | title=6 Real Life Black Characters That Hollywood Cast As White People Instead | work=Atlanta Black Star | date=May 31, 2014 | accessdate=August 27, 2015 }}
82. ^1 {{cite news | last=Agrawal | first=Prashani | url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/10/08/who%E2%80%99s-the-indian-in-the-social-network/ | title=Who's the Indian in The Social Network? | work=The Wall Street Journal | date=October 8, 2010 | accessdate=September 9, 2015 }}
83. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite news | last= | first= | url=http://www.aol.com/article/2015/06/04/hollywood-s-blatant-obsession-with-whitewashing-movies/21191311/ | title=Hollywood's blatant obsession with 'whitewashing' movies | work=aol.com | publisher=AOL | date=June 4, 2015 | accessdate=August 27, 2015 }}
84. ^1 {{cite news | last=Nguyen | first=Michael | url=http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/aloha-film-attacked-white-washing-hawaii | title='Aloha' film attacked for 'white-washing' of Hawaii | work=msnbc.com | publisher=MSNBC | date=June 2, 2015 | accessdate=August 27, 2015 }}
85. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/hollywood%E2%80%99s-ancient-egypt-whitewash|title=Hollywood's Ancient Egypt Whitewash|first=Janelle|last=Oswald|publisher=The Voice|date=December 13, 2014|accessdate=July 11, 2017}}
86. ^1 {{cite book|title=Empire & Odyssey|first=Rock|last=Brynner|publisher=Steerforth Press|year=2006|pages=158}}
87. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/a-history-of-casting-king-and-i-cultural-evolution-and-community-action-com-346584|title=A history of casting King and I|first=Logan|last=Culwell-Block|date=April 26, 2015|publisher=Playbill}}
88. ^1 {{cite news | last=Pulliam-Moore | first=Charles | url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/annihilations-director-says-he-didnt-know-about-his-fil-1821263060| title=Annihilation's Director Says He Didn't Know About His Film's Whitewashing Problems | work=Gizmodo | date=December 14, 2017 | accessdate=December 15, 2017 }}
89. ^1 {{cite news | last=Redden | first=Molly | url=https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2014/04/noah-aronofsky-handel-diversity | title=Darren Aronofsky: We Nearly Abandoned 'Noah' Because of Racial Issues | work=Mother Jones | date=April 23, 2014 | accessdate=October 7, 2015 }}
90. ^1 {{cite journal | last=Rosen | first=Christopher | url=http://ew.com/article/2016/03/04/tina-fey-whiskey-tango-foxtrot-casting-controversy/ | title=Tina Fey: Whiskey Tango Foxtrot casting controversy addressed | journal=Entertainment Weekly | date=March 4, 2016 | accessdate=January 6, 2017 }}
91. ^1 {{cite news | last=Scheller | first=Christina | url=http://www.thehighcalling.org/articles/essay/stewardship-creation-interview-noah-screenwriter-ari-handel#.U06P3Vca1WL | title=Stewardship of Creation: An Interview with 'Noah' Screenwriter, Ari Handel | work=The High Calling | date=April 11, 2014 | accessdate=September 6, 2015 }}
92. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 {{cite news | last=Scherker | first=Amanda | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/10/hollywood-whitewashing_n_5515919.html | title=Whitewashing Was One Of Hollywood's Worst Habits. So Why Is It Still Happening? | work=The Huffington Post | date=July 10, 2014 | accessdate=August 26, 2015 }}
93. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book | last=Schlossman | first=David A. | year=2002 | title=Actors and Activists: Performance, Politics, and Exchange Among Social Worlds | publisher=Routledge | page=154 | isbn=978-0-8153-3268-8 }}
94. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite news | last=Schwab | first=Nikki | url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/06/12/white-actors-portraying-people-of-color-in-hollywood | title=Passing for Black? It Happens in Hollywood All the Time | work=U.S. News & World Report | date=June 12, 2015 | accessdate=August 27, 2015 }}
95. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news | last=Siek | first=Stephanie | url=http://inamerica.blogs.cnn.com/2012/01/13/is-hollywood-whitewashing-asian-roles/ | title=Is Hollywood 'whitewashing' Asian roles? | work=cnn.com | publisher=CNN | date=January 13, 2012 | accessdate=August 27, 2015 }}
96. ^1 {{cite news | last=Syed | first=Hera | url=http://popinsomniacs.com/2013/04/brownface-and-racism-in-the-big-wedding/ | title=Film Review: Brownface and Racism in 'The Big Wedding' | work=Pop Insomniacs | date=April 29, 2013 | accessdate=February 26, 2016 }}
97. ^1 {{cite news | last=Leon | first=Melissa | url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/09/30/hollywood-s-anime-whitewashing-epidemic-nat-wolff-to-star-in-death-note.html | title=Hollywood's Anime Whitewashing Epidemic: How Is This Still a Thing?| work=The Daily Beast | publisher=The Daily Beast | date=September 30, 2016 | accessdate=December 30, 2016 }}
98. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book | last=Tehranian | first=John | year=2010 | chapter=The Last Minstrel Show? | title=Whitewashed: America's Invisible Middle Eastern Minority | publisher=NYU Press | page=98 | isbn=978-0-8147-8273-6 }}
99. ^1 {{cite news | last=Theodore-Vachon | first=ReBecca | url=http://www.rogerebert.com/balder-and-dash/dear-angelina-thoughts-on-cleopatra | title=Dear Angelina: Thoughts on "Cleopatra" | work=RogerEbert.com | date=December 23, 2014 | accessdate=March 10, 2016 }}
100. ^1 {{cite news | last=Valby | first=Karen | url=http://www.ew.com/article/2011/04/07/hunger-games-suzanne-collins-gary-ross-exclusive | title=Team 'Hunger Games' talks: Author Suzanne Collins and director Gary Ross on their allegiance to each other, and their actors | work=Entertainment Weekly | date=April 7, 2011 | accessdate=March 12, 2016 }}
101. ^1 {{cite news | last=Wickman | first=Kase | url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2344611/the-martian-whitewashing-andy-weir/ | title=One Person Who Doesn't Think 'The Martian' Was Whitewashed? The Author | work=MTV News | date=October 9, 2015 | accessdate=October 10, 2015 }}
102. ^1 {{cite news|last=Wilson |first=Matt D. |url=http://comicsalliance.com/arrow-ras-al-ghul-matthew-nable/ |title=Matthew Nable Is The Latest White Man To Play Ra's Al Ghul |work=Comics Alliance |publisher=ScreenCrush Network |date=September 4, 2014 |accessdate=October 5, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020045923/http://comicsalliance.com/arrow-ras-al-ghul-matthew-nable/ |archivedate=October 20, 2015 }}
103. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news | last=Wiltz | first=Teresa | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/22/AR2007062202029.html | title=A Part Colored By History | work=The Washington Post | date=June 23, 2007 | accessdate=August 27, 2015 }}
104. ^1 {{cite book | last=Alcoff | first=Linda Martín | year=2012 | chapter=Alien and Alienated | editor-last=Yancy | editor-first=George | title=Reframing the Practice of Philosophy: Bodies of Color, Bodies of Knowledge | publisher=SUNY Press | page=32 | isbn=978-1-4384-4003-3 }}
105. ^1 {{cite news | authorlink= Ursula K. Le Guin | first= Ursula K. | last= Le Guin | url = http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2004/12/a_whitewashed_earthsea.html | title = A Whitewashed Earthsea | date= December 16, 2004 | publisher= Slate.com | accessdate = August 29, 2016}}
106. ^1 {{cite news | first= Ursula K. | last= Le Guin | url = http://locusmag.com/2005/Issues/01LeGuin.html | title = Frankenstein's Earthsea | work = Locus Magazine | date = January 2005 | accessdate = October 12, 2012}}
107. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Tsika|first=Noah|title=Gods and Monsters: A Queer Film Classic|url=https://books.google.com/?id=nq02DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT41&lpg=PT41&dq=maria+and+hanna+gods+and+monsters#v=onepage&q=maria%20and%20hanna%20gods%20and%20monsters&f=false|access-date=April 26, 2018|year=2009|publisher=Arsenal Pulp Press|isbn=1551523493|page=41}}
108. ^1 {{cite news| last=McNary | first=Dave | title=‘The Martian’ Slammed Over ‘White-Washing’ Asian-American Roles | url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/the-martian-white-washing-asian-american-ridley-scott-1201614155/ | accessdate = September 20, 2018|date=October 8, 2015|work=Variety}}
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}}

Bibliography

  • {{cite journal | last=Weaver | first=Andrew J. |date=April 2011 | title=The Role of Actors' Race in White Audiences' Selective Exposure to Movies | journal=Journal of Communication | volume=61 | issue=2 | pages=369 | doi=10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01544.x }}
{{White people}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Whitewashing in film}}

4 : Lists of films by common content|Cultural appropriation|Ethnic and racial stereotypes|History of racism in the cinema of the United States
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