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词条 Whitikahu
释义

  1. Geology

  2. History and culture

     Pre-European history  European settlement  20th century  Marae 

  3. Demographics

  4. Education

  5. Drainage

  6. Pukemokemoke Bush Reserve

  7. References

  8. See also

  9. External links

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Whitikahu
| settlement_type = Hamlet
| image_skyline = File:Whitikahu from Pukemoremore.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption = Whitikahu from Pukemokemoke
| pushpin_map = New Zealand
| pushpin_label_position = left
| coordinates = {{coord|-37.61298|175.34627|region:NZ|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type1 = Region
| subdivision_type2 = Territorial authority
| subdivision_name1 = Waikato
| subdivision_name2 = Waikato District
| seat_type = Electorate
| seat = Waikato
| postal_code_type = Postcode
| postal_code = 3792
| area_code = 07
| Subdivision_type = Country
| Subdivision_name = {{NZL}}
| timezone = NZST
| utc_offset = +12
| timezone_DST = NZDT
| utc_offset_DST = +13
}}Whitikahu is a settlement scattered along Whitikahu Rd in the Waikato District and Waikato Region of New Zealand's North Island. It is within a census area of the same name, which reaches to the Waikato River, forms the north, east and south boundaries of Huntly East and its eastern boundary is Matamata-Piako District.[1] Most of the area is in the Hukanui Waerenga Ward of Waikato District Council.[2]

The area consists of four dairy farming settlements:

  • Whitikahu has a blueberry farm, a winery, the Senton Sawmill, a fire station, a petrol station and a hall.[3][4][5][6]
  • Mangawara was a Kauri gum digging area until 1983. There was a creamery and a post office by 1910.[3][7]
  • Orini is centred around a community hall which was opened in 1913, which was rebuilt in 1937 following a fire.[6][8][9][10] It also has a school, which had 81 pupils in 1939.[13][11] A post office opened in 1907, a creamery was running in 1911, and a cheese factory opened in 1915 and was still operating in 1932.[12][13][14][15][16] The stream bridge between Orini and Whitikahu was built in 1938.[17] In 1950 the Orini telephone exchange had 123 subscribers.[18]
  • Te Hoe has a school, which opened in 1912[3] and closed in 1995.[19] Te Hoe had a post office and store[20] and still has a hall,[6] which was built in 1957.[3]

Geology

Pukemokemoke hill is formed of greywacke[21] of the Jurassic Manaia Hill Group (shown as Jm on map).[22] The rest of the Whitikahu area is largely on a drained peat bog, which lies on ash from Lake Taupo.

Taupiri Fault is an inferred fault separating the peat from the Taupiri Range. Seismic testing in 2017 added evidence of the fault's position.[23]

Whitikahu is at the north end of an alluvial fan of the ash, which drops about 60 m (200 ft) from Karapiro. After the Oruanui eruption, some 26,500 years ago, Lake Taupo was about 145 m (476 ft) above the present lake. Around 22,500 years ago the ash dam eroded rapidly and the lake fell about 75 m (246 ft) in a few weeks, creating a series of massive floods. The ash they carried formed the main Hinuera Surface (Q2a) into the fan. Then, until about 17,600 years ago the Waikato would have been about 25 m (82 ft) higher than at present due to aggradation, resulting from remobilisation of pyroclastic material from Taupo, deposited as well-bedded, creamy-white pumice sands, silts and gravels with charcoal fragments.[24] One of its channels from that period followed the Mangawara Stream[25] via the present air-gap at Mangawara. This earlier gorge was buried beneath alluvium but has since been partly re-exposed by the Mangawara Stream as the Waikato has deepened Taupiri gorge.[25] After that the Waikato eroded its present valley for about 3,500 years, at a time when the sea was around 100 m (330 ft) below its present level. The Walton Sub-Group (eQa) of pumiceous fine- grained sand and silt with interbedded peat, pumiceous gravelly sand, diatomaceous mud, and non-welded ignimbrite and tephra[24] formed low hills, up to 50 m above the Hamilton Basin plain, on and around which younger sediments have been deposited. In this area they are named the Puketoka Formation. It is highly pumiceous, and, due to silica case-hardening, is able to form vertical bluffs, now weathered, eroded, dissected and largely buried by younger sediments.[25] Taupo Formation (Q1a) was laid down in the trench cut through the Hinuera surface. Taupo Formation alluvium is the top layer on which most of the peat bogs formed.[24]

History and culture

Pre-European history

From the 1600s: Ngati Koura and Ngati Wairere Waikai occupied the area, mainly for eel fishing.[26] An old waka was discovered in 1937.[27]

European settlement

After the invasion of the Waikato, the area was confiscated in 1863[28] and cut up into lots for the military settlers, though deemed too swampy for occupation.[29] In 1873 the {{Convert|1604|acre||abbr=on}} Tauhei Block was returned to the hapū to farm.[26]

Much of the area was in the Eureka Estate, which the New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency bought from the government in 1874. It was then owned by the Waikato Land Association, later known as NZ Land Association. Its {{Convert|86502|acre||abbr=on}} extended from Te Hoe to Tauwhare and Tamahere.[3] In 1876 Whitikahu was described as a deep swamp,[29] but a condition of the sale was that NZLMA should build drains and roads.[3] Kauri gum was being dug in 1893, when about half the area had been drained.[30] Kauri stumps of up to {{Convert|6|ft||abbr=on}} diameter and {{Convert|53|ft||abbr=on}} long are thought to have died due to flooding after the Waikato changed its course.[31]

20th century

Flax was milled in the area from 1890 until a 1908 fire and again from 1918.[26] A new Orini mill opened in 1936[32] and flax was still being grown in 1938, when there was another fire.[33] The drained peat has also caught fire from time to time.[34][35]

By 1912 over 30 voters were recorded,[36] there was a twice-weekly post delivery[37] and there were three sheep farms.[38]

Electricity came in 1923,[39] with further extensions, such as in 1928[40] and 1938.[41] A hall was built[42] and a bus service to Hamilton, started in 1937[43] and was still running in 1964[44] and into the 1970s.[45]

Marae

The local Tauhei Marae and its Māramatutahi meeting ground are a traditional meeting place of the Waikato Tainui hapū of Ngāti Makirangi and Ngāti Wairere.[46][47]

Demographics

Whitikahu had these census results -[1]

YearPopulationHouseholdsAverage incomeNational average
20011,997624$25,600$18,500
20062,043657$31,000$24,100
20132,115708$36,900$27,900

In 2013 82.8% of the population were European, 14.9% Māori, 9.8% Asian and 3.7% of other ethnicities.[48] 67.2% worked in agriculture and forestry.[49]

Education

Whitikahu School opened in 1911.[50] It is a primary school for years 1 to 8,[51] with 74 pupils in 2017[52] and now has a swimming pool, tennis courts, playgrounds, sports fields, a multi-purpose room, library and multi-media suite.[53]

Orini Combined School was formed from a merger of Orini, Te Hoe, Netherby and Mangawara schools.[54] Orini had a school by 1912.[55]

Drainage

The drainage begun by NZLMA was continued by drainage boards set up under the Land Drainage Act 1908[56] and the Taupiri Drainage and River Board Empowering Act, 1936.[57] By 1926 some of it was described as fine dairying land.[58] In the 1930s the board aimed to drain the whole of the wetland.[59] With government grants,[60] they used unemployed workers[61] to drain an area south of Te Hoe and create roads and farms from 1936[62] to 1938.[63] However, although drains, floodgates and dams were built, flooding remains a problem.[64]

The Mangatea Catchment Restoration Project, led by Tauhei Marae, aims to reduce pollution of the local streams which run into the Waikato River.[65] {{Convert|19|km||abbr=on}} of fencing beside the Mangawara and Tauhei streams will reduce pollutants entering them.[66]

Pukemokemoke Bush Reserve

Since 1990 Pukemokemoke Bush Trust has been restoring the reserve,[26] which rises to {{Convert|166|m||abbr=on}} above Whitikahu, which is at about {{Convert|30|m||abbr=on}}.[67] The greywacke[68] here is of the Jurassic Manaia Hill Group.[69]

The hill was logged by Roose Shipping Co[26] from 1949,[70] into the 1950s, but kauri, mataī, kahikatea, rimu, tōtara, tawa, rewarewa, titoki, pukatea and taraire remain and about 15,000 native trees[71] have replaced privet[72] and other weeds. 110 species were listed in 1962.[70]

The neighbouring Tauhei quarry has been owned by Fulton Hogan since 2016.[73] It was formerly operated by Perry Group[74] for Waikato District Council.[75] Production was increased to supply aggregates for the Waikato Expressway in 2017 and 2018.[76]

References

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See also

{{Geographic Location|title=Neighbouring areas|noicon=yes|width=auto|Northwest=Huntly|North=Lake Waikare|Northeast=Tahuna|West=Taupiri|Centre=Whitikahu|East=|South=Rototuna|Southeast=Morrinsville|Southwest=Ngaruawahia}}

External links

  • 1:50,000 map
  • [https://www.lawa.org.nz/explore-data/waikato-region/river-quality/waikato-river/mangawara-stm-at-mangawara-rd-mci/ Mangawara Stream water quality LAWA]
  • Mangawara Stream water level

2 : Populated places in Waikato|Waikato District
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