| 词条 | William McSherry |
| 释义 |
| type = priest | honorific_prefix = The Reverend | name = William McSherry | image = William McSherry portrait.jpg | alt = Black and white portrait of William McSherry | caption = Portrait of William McSherry | birth_date = {{birth date|1799|07|19}} | birth_place = Charlestown, Virginia, U.S.{{Efn|name=charlestown}} | death_date = {{death date and age|1839|12|18|1799|07|19}} | death_place = Washington, D.C. | buried = Jesuit Community Cemetery | religion = Catholic Church | education = Georgetown University Pontifical Gregorian University }} William McSherry (July 19, 1799 – December 18, 1839) was an American Catholic priest and Jesuit. The son of Irish immigrants, McSherry was educated at Georgetown University, where he entered the Society of Jesus. As one of the first Americans to complete the traditional Jesuit course of training, he was sent to Rome to be educated for the priesthood. There, he made several discoveries of significant, forgotten holdings in the Jesuit archives, which improved historians' knowledge of early Maryland. McSherry went on to become the first provincial superior of the Jesuits' Maryland province from 1833 to 1837, during which time he laid the groundwork for the 1838 sale of the province's slaves. He then briefly became the President of Georgetown University from 1838 to 1839, and was appointed provincial superior for a second time during the latter year, which was the last of his life. Early lifeWilliam McSherry was born on July 19, 1799 in Charlestown, Virginia (today part of West Virgini While in Rome, he rediscovered in the Jesuit archives and published the {{Lang|la|Relatio Itineris}} by Andrew White, which is the most comprehensive account of the journey of the Ark and the Dove.[1] He also brought to light the existence of manuscripts in the archives which contained the only extant writings of the language of extinct Indian tribes of Maryland.[8] He spent time at the Pontifical Gregorian University,[16] and then was appointed the minister of the literary and medical colleges of the {{Lang|it|Collegio del Carmine}} in Turin,[9] while the school was under the rectorship of Jan Roothaan,[1] where he remained from 1826 to 1828.[10] In 1828, he returned to the United States,[8] and the following year, McSherry became a professor of humanities at Georgetown, and was named the minister for the school, procurator, and consultor one year later.[21] He also served as a professor of theology during this time,[11] and as head of the lower classes.[12] From October 1831 to June 1832, he was appointed the socius (assistant) to Peter Kenney, the visitor to the Jesuits in St. Louis and the Missouri Valley.[13] He was recalled to Rome in 1832, where he professed his solemn vows to the Jesuit order, making him one of the first American Jesuits to complete the traditional Jesuit course of training.[14] Maryland provincialOn August 14, 1832, McSherry was elected the first procurator of the Jesuit mission in the United States; soon thereafter, Peter Kenney requested that the Jesuit Superior General elevate the mission to the status of a province. This request was granted, and McSherry set sail for Rome from New York so that he could receive instructions on how to establish the new province. The territory of the new province was defined according to the Maryland boundaries,[15] and the province was officially established on February 2, 1833.[16] On February 7, 1833, McSherry was made the first provincial superior of the Maryland province of the Society of Jesus,[8] and he officially assumed the position on July 8, 1833.[17] Soon after entering office, McSherry was confronted with a considerable debt that Georgetown University, a Jesuit college within the province, had accrued, as well as disciplinary issues at the same institution.[16] As provincial, McSherry advocated for the relocation of the Jesuit novitiate from Georgetown to Frederick, Maryland because this would reduce expenses, which were of great concern, as the novitiate was in significant debt as well; although this relocation did not occur until after his term ended, the first efforts at relocation were made during this time.[18] By the end of his tenure, the province was faced with a strain on its various schools due to an insufficient number of members to staff them.[19] Despite this, the province operated several successful missions throughout rural Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania, which success was largely attributed to McSherry. In order to support them, McSherry unsuccessfully sought to obtain the Superior General's approval to sell some of the Jesuits' land and farms in 1835,[20] which totaled {{Convert|13500|acre|hectare|abbr=}} in Maryland by 1837.[21] The Second Provincial Council of Baltimore in 1833 entrusted a new mission directed at the freed blacks who had returned to Liberia, however, the already-shorthanded province was unable to perform the task.[22] The province's financial difficulties were further compounded by the fact that the farms, worked by slaves, had become unprofitable.[23] As a result, McSherry and Mulledy together impressed upon the provincial congregation of 1835 the need to sell the province's slaves.[24] Slave sale{{Main|1838 Georgetown slave sale}}By 1836, McSherry and the province's leadership was seriously considering the sale of all the nearly 300 slaves that remained under the ownership of the Maryland province, and a formal assessment of the advantages and disadvantages (moral and economic) of a sale was drawn up by Stephen L. Dubuisson.[25] The financial concerns of the province had grown acute due to the increasing unprofitability of the farms and the debt accrued by Georgetown by its recent construction projects.[26] After a vote by the provincial leadership of six to four in favor, the Superior General Jan Roothaan approved the sale on October 27, 1836 on the condition that the purchasers guarantee the right of the slaves to practice their Catholic faith, that families not be separated, and that those who were old or ill be allowed to remain with the Jesuits and be cared for.[27] It was at this same time that McSherry began to experience the symptoms of what later proved to be stomach cancer, requiring him to be occasionally unable to discharge his office.[28] Following McSherry's requests to be relieved of office, Roothaan permitted him to resign in October 1837.[29] Thomas Mulledy replaced McSherry as provincial superior, and McSherry assumed Mulledy's role as president of Georgetown.[30] Besides McSherry's petitions, this swap was also due to Roothaan's dissatisfaction with McSherry's failure to keep him apprised of the province's affairs, which was largely due to his illness, and Roothaan's confidence in Mulledy's administrative abilities.[31] Due to the Panic of 1837,[32] the sale was not executed until 1838.[30] In total, 272 slaves were sold to Jesse Batey and Henry Johnson of Louisiana on June 19, 1838,[33] and much outrage within the Jesuit order over the morality of the sale ensued; this outrage was reflected also by Roothaan, whose orders on which the sale was conditioned were not followed.[34] Georgetown UniversityMcSherry was appointed President of Georgetown University and entered office on December 25, 1837,[5] despite suffering from his illness.[28] He inherited a large debt of almost $48,000 accrued during the presidency of his predecessor. By increasing enrollment and a large donation, McSherry reduced the debt to a large but more manageable $24,000.[35] In 1839, Roothaan directed McSherry to relieve Mulledy of his duties as provincial superior due to fallout over the slave sale scandal. After Mulledy left to face the authorities in Rome, the Maryland Jesuits elected McSherry provincial superior for a second time. Roothaan, unaware of McSherry's greatly debilitated and pain-ridden state, confirmed the appointment.[36] Death and legacyIn 1839, McSherry was permitted to resign the presidency due to his significantly deteriorated health. He was succeeded by Joseph A. Lopez.[37] By November of that year, McSherry had become bedridden,[29] and on December 18, he died.[38] Francis Dzierozynski succeeded him ad interim as provincial.[36] The painful tumor in his stomach was discovered during an autopsy, which was performed because the physicians of the time did not understand the cause of his death.[39] He was buried in the Jesuit Community Cemetery at Georgetown.[40] McSherry Hall at Georgetown University was temporarily renamed Remembrance Hall following student protests in 2015 over the namesake's involvement in the 1838 slave sale.[41] In 2017, university president John DeGioia announced that the building would be given the permanent name of Anne Marie Becraft Hall.[42] Notes{{Notelist}}References1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.charlestownwv.us/?SEC=34C2969E-6CBC-4119-8C59-B78A2D0EBB77|title=History in Brief|last=Perks|first=Doug|date=|website=City of Charles Town, West Virginia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127231048/https://www.charlestownwv.us/?SEC=34C2969E-6CBC-4119-8C59-B78A2D0EBB77|archive-date=January 27, 2019|dead-url=no|access-date=January 27, 2019}} 2. ^1 {{harvnb|Curran|1993|p=108}} 3. ^{{harvnb|Easby-Smith|1907|p=75}} 4. ^1 {{harvnb|Ryan|1904|p=14}} 5. ^1 2 3 {{harvnb|Shea|1891|p=118}} 6. ^{{harvnb|Curran|1993|p=89}} 7. ^{{harvnb|Kuzniewski|2014|p=1}} 8. ^1 2 {{harnvb|Shea|1891|p=119}} 9. ^1 {{harvnb|Codignola|2019|pp=137–138}} 10. ^{{harvnb|Curran|1993|p=109}} 11. ^{{harvnb|Easby-Smith|1907|p=66}} 12. ^{{harvnb|Easby-Smith|1907|p=67}} 13. ^1 {{harvnb|Kuzniewski|2014|p=20}} 14. ^1 2 3 4 {{harvnb|Judge|1959|pp=378–379}} 15. ^{{harvnb|Judge|1959|pp=376–377}} 16. ^1 {{harvnb|Judge|1959|p=381}} 17. ^{{harvnb|Judge|1959|p=378}} 18. ^{{harvnb|Judge|1959|p=383}} 19. ^{{harvnb|Judge|1959|p=384}} 20. ^{{harvnb|Judge|1959|pp=385–386}} 21. ^{{harvnb|Judge|1959|p=390}} 22. ^{{harvnb|Judge|1959|p=388}} 23. ^{{harvnb|Judge|1959|p=391}} 24. ^{{harvnb|Kuzniewski|2014|p=23}} 25. ^{{harvnb|Judge|1959|p=395}} 26. ^{{harvnb|Judge|1959|p=396}} 27. ^{{harvnb|Judge|1959|pp=397–398}} 28. ^1 {{harvnb|Kuzniewski|2014|p=24}} 29. ^1 {{harvnb|Curran|1993|p=121}} 30. ^1 {{harvnb|Judge|1959|p=399}} 31. ^{{harvnb|Buckley|2013|pp=235–236}} 32. ^{{harvnb|Curran|1993|p=120}} 33. ^{{Cite web|url=https://slaveryarchive.georgetown.edu/items/show/1|title=Articles of agreement between Thomas F. Mulledy, of Georgetown, District of Columbia, of one part, and Jesse Beatty and Henry Johnson, of the State of Louisiana, of the other part|last=|first=|date=June 19, 1838|website=Georgetown Slavery Archive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203123240/https://slaveryarchive.georgetown.edu/items/show/1|archive-date=February 3, 2018|dead-url=no|access-date=January 27, 2019}} 34. ^{{harvnb|Kuzniewski|1999|p=29}} 35. ^{{harvnb|Curran|1993|p=119}} 36. ^1 {{harvnb|Kuzniewski|2014|p=26}} 37. ^{{harvnb|Shea|1891|p=123}} 38. ^{{harvnb|Shea|1891|p=121}} 39. ^{{harvnb|Ryan|1904|p=16}} 40. ^{{Cite news|url=http://features.thehoya.com/human-remains-found-georgetown|title=Human Remains Found During Construction of Arrupe Hall|last=Burgoa|first=Lisa|date=August 8, 2018|work=The Hoya|access-date=January 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112013430/http://features.thehoya.com/human-remains-found-georgetown|archive-date=January 12, 2019|dead-url=no}} 41. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehoya.com/heeding-demands-university-renames-buildings/|title=Heeding Demands, University Renames Buildings|last=Hung|first=Toby|date=November 17, 2015|work=The Hoya|access-date=January 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615091925/http://www.thehoya.com/heeding-demands-university-renames-buildings/|archive-date=June 15, 2018|dead-url=no|last2=Puri|first2=Ashwin}} 42. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehoya.com/university-to-rename-freedom-hall/|title=University to Rename Freedom Hall|last=Scoville|first=Ian|date=March 24, 2017|work=The Hoya|access-date=January 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328112331/http://www.thehoya.com/university-to-rename-freedom-hall/|archive-date=March 28, 2017|dead-url=no}} Sources{{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}
External links{{Commons category|William McSherry}}
11 : 1799 births|1839 deaths|People from Charles Town, West Virginia|Catholics from West Virginia|Georgetown University alumni|Pontifical Gregorian University alumni|19th-century American Jesuits|American Roman Catholic clergy of Irish descent|Presidents of Georgetown University|History of slavery in Maryland|Burials at Jesuit Community Cemetery |
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