| 词条 | Woman's Commonwealth |
| 释义 |
The Woman's Commonwealth (also Belton Sanctificationists and Sisters of Sanctification) was a women's land-based commune first established in Belton, Texas.[1] It was founded in the late 1870s to early 1880s by Martha McWhirter and her women's bible study group on land that was inherited when the women's husbands died or quit the home. MembersResidents of the commune were women and their dependent children; many of the women fled abusive homes to join the community.[2] At one point, there were between 42 and 50 women members on record,[3][1] including at least one African American woman who is thought to be a former slave.[1] IdeologyThe Sisters embraced first wave feminist ideologies, and sought spiritual, economic, and social equality for women.[3] To that end, they practiced celibacy as a way to liberate women from the spiritual degradation of heterosexual intercourse, the oppressive needs of children and child rearing, and male violence.[3] [4] In the 1880s, the citizens of Belton blamed the Sanctificationists for rising separation and divorce rates, and of undermining the meaning of marriage through their practice of celibacy.[4][5] HistoryThe Sanctificationists were economically successful; they ran several boarding houses, two hotels, formed holding companies to manage their properties, and operated two farms to provide food for their multiple dining rooms. They started first public library in Belton, the Woman’s Wednesday Club Library, out of one of their boarding houses.[6] In 1899, the entire commune moved to Washington, DC where they opened boarding houses, a hotel, and participated in urban feminist organizations.[3][4] McWhirter died in 1904, and the commune began a slow decline. In 1917, there were six remaining members who purchased a farm in rural Maryland to provide food for their urban dining halls, and to provide a pastoral retreat for themselves in a rural landscape. The last member of the commune died in 1983 at the age of 101.[4] ImpactThe George and Martha McWhirter House at 400 North Pearl St., Belton, Texas, is on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Bell County, Texas. At the address, there is a historical marker dedicated to the Sanctificationists.[7][8] Jan Berliner Statman considers the Woman's Commonwealth to be one of the first women's shelters in the United States.[9] A brief article published in the lesbian separatist periodical, Austindyke (alternately spelled as Austin Dyke), in 1979 and then reprinted in Sisters United in 1980 described the Woman's Commonwealth as a forerunner of the lesbian land movement.[10]{{Full citation needed|date=June 2018}} It is unclear whether the Sanctificationists influenced the movement that flourished in the 1970s and 1980s.[11] Further reading
References1. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=Set Apart: The Sanctified Sisters|last1=Lufburrow|first1=Debra|date=2001|publisher=Booklocker.com|isbn=978-1929072712}} 2. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/local/native-texan/article/Santified-Sisters-of-Belton-brooked-no-nonsense-4508378.php|title=Sanctified Sisters of Belton brooked no nonsense|last=Holley|first=Joe|date=May 11, 2013|work=Houston Chronicle|access-date=March 10, 2019}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last1=Kitch|first1=Sally|date=Spring 1994|title=The Woman's Commonwealth: Celibacy and Women's Rights|journal=Communities|issue=82|pages=40–44}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last1=Sokolow|first1=Jayme A.|last2=Lamanna|first2=Mary Ann|date=April 1984|title=Women and Utopia: The Woman's Commonwealth of Belton, Texas|journal=The Southwestern Historical Quarterly|volume=87|issue=4|pages=371–392|jstor=30236969|oclc=01766223}} 5. ^{{cite book|title=This Strange Society of Women: Reading the Letters and Lives of the Women's Commonwealth|last1=Kitch|first1=Sally L.|date=1992|publisher=Ohio State University Press|isbn=978-0814205792|edition=1st}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.beltontexas.gov/departments/library/history.php|title=History|last=|first=|date=|website=Belton, Texas|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/Details/5507016244/print|title=Details for Belton Woman's Commonwealth|last=|first=|date=2015|website=Texas Historical Commission|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://krock1017fm.com/historical-sights-in-downtown-belton-2/|title=Downtown Belton is Home to Many, Many Texas Landmarks|last=Big Q|first=|date=September 8, 2016|website=KRock 1017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 9. ^{{Cite book|title=The Battered Woman's Survival Guide: Breaking the Cycle|last=Statman|first=Jan Berliner|publisher=Taylor Trade Publishing|year=April 1995|isbn=9781461625308|location=|pages=6}} 10. ^Peticolas, Anne. (1980). "Reclaiming hystory: The Belton Sanctificationists." Sisters United 20(6): 13. 11. ^{{cite journal|last1=Anahita|first1=Sine|date=2009|title=Nestled into Niches: Prefigurative Communities on Lesbian Land|journal=Journal of Homosexuality|volume=56|issue=6|pages=719–737|doi=10.1080/00918360903054186|issn=0091-8369|pmid=19657932}} External links
4 : History of women in Texas|Christian women's organizations|Christian communities|Intentional communities in the United States |
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