| 释义 |
- Stratigraphy
- Staple crops
- Notes
- Bibliography
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Xishanping
| native_name = 西山坪
| alternate_name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = China
| map_alt = Location in China
| map_caption = Location in China
| map_size =
| altitude_m = 1330
| altitude_ref = {{sfn|Li|2007a}}
| relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|34|33|50|N|105|32|41|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = Gansu, China
| region = Tianshui Basin
| type =
| part_of =
| length =
| width =
| area = {{convert|204,800|m2|sqft|0|abbr=on}}
| height =
| builder =
| material =
| built = ca. 7800 BP
| abandoned = ca. 3000 BP
| epochs = Neolithic, Bronze Age
| cultures = Dadiwan culture,
Lower Beishouling culture,
Majiayao culture,
Qijia culture
| dependency_of =
| occupants =
| event =
| excavations = 1956, 1986–1990{{sfn|Li|2012}}
| archaeologists = Pei Wenzhong
| condition =
| ownership =
| management =
| public_access =
| website =
| notes =
}}Xishanping is an archaeological site in Gansu, China, located {{convert|15|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} west of Tianshui. The site was occupied continuously from the Neolithic through the Bronze Age. The site is situated about {{convert|50|m|abbr=on}} above the riverbed on the southern bank of the Xi River, a tributary of the Wei River.{{sfn|Li|2012}} The site was discovered by Pei Wenzhong in 1947.{{sfn|Li|2007b}} Stratigraphy- Xishanping I: the earliest layer, this layer corresponds to the Dadiwan culture. The bones from a large variety of animals (red deer, musk deer, Asiatic black bear, bamboo rat, rat, chicken, dog, pig) were discovered in this layer.{{sfn|Flad|2007}}
- Xishangping II: this layer corresponds to the Lower Beishouling culture. Only a few animal bones were found in this layer, coming from red deer, cattle and pigs.{{sfn|Flad|2007}}
- Xishangping III (5250–4300 BP): this period corresponds to the Majiayao culture.{{sfn|Flad|2007}} The greatest changes at Xishanping occurred during this time. Evidence for intensive agriculture can be found in this layer, starting from around 5,100 BP.{{sfn|Li|2007a}} Horse, chicken, dog and pig bones were discovered in this layer, with pig bones composing almost half of all of the bones found in this layer.{{sfn|Flad|2007}} This layer can be further divided as follows:
- 5250–4650 BP: during this period, the forest was composed primarily of a coniferous-broadleaf mix.{{sfn|Li|2007a}} The primary staple crops were foxtail and broomcorn millet.{{sfn|Li|2007b}}
- 4650–4300 BP: around 4650 BP, the forest saw a drastic transition, most likely due to anthropogenic causes. The forest fauna came to be dominated primarily by fast-growing bamboo. Additionally, several fruit and nut-bearing trees (Castanea, Prunus cerasus, Prunus padus and Diospyros) became more commonly found.{{sfn|Li|2012}} The primary staple crops were foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and buckwheat.{{sfn|Li|2007b}}
- Xishangping IV (4300–3000 BP): this period corresponds to the Qijia culture. Pig bones form an overwhelming majority of all of the animals bones found from this layer.{{sfn|Flad|2007}}
Staple cropsXishanping was the site of a highly diverse and complex agriculture system, showing the earliest largest diversity of staple crops found in China. From 4650–3000 BP, eight major staple crops were found together at Xishanping: wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley and oat (all three introduced from Western Asia); rice (introduced from eastern China); foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, buckwheat and soybean.{{sfn|Li|2007a}} As such, Xishanping is the earliest site for the introduction of several Western Asia staple crops to China, likely via the Hexi Corridor.{{sfn|Li|2007a}}{{sfn|Liu|2012|p=94}} Despite the diversity, the people at Xishanping still relied primarily on rainfed agriculture.{{sfn|Li|2007b}} The earliest dates for each crop found at Xishanping are as follows: - Broomcorn millet (5165 BP){{sfn|Li|2007a}}
- Foxtail millet (5070 BP){{sfn|Li|2007a}}
- Rice (5070 BP) – earliest evidence for rice in northwest China{{sfn|Li|2007b}}
- Oat (5070 BP) – earliest evidence for oat in China{{sfn|Liu|2012|p=94}}
- Soybean (4770 BP){{sfn|Li|2007a}}
- Wheat (4650 BP) – earliest evidence for wheat in China{{sfn|Li|2007a}}
- Barley (4600–4300 BP) – earliest evidence for barley in China{{sfn|Liu|2012|p=94}}
- Buckwheat (4600–4300 BP){{sfn|Li|2007a}}
The first appearance of wheat in East Asia coincides with the first appearance of broomcorn millet in Central Asia at Begash, Kazakhstan (4450–4100 BP).{{sfn|Spengler|2014}} NotesBibliography{{refbegin|2}}- {{cite journal|last1=Flad|first1=Rowan K.|title=Zooarcheological evidence for animal domestication in northwest China|journal=Developments in Quaternary Sciences|date=2007|volume=9}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Xiaoqiang|display-authors=etal|title=Early cultivated wheat and broadening of agriculture in Neolithic China|url=http://www.ask-force.org/web/Africa-Harvest-Sorghum-Lit-1/Li-Early-Wheat-China-2007.pdf |journal=The Holocene|date=2007a|volume=17|issue=5}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Xiaoqiang|display-authors=etal|title=The record of cultivated rice from archaeobiological evidence in northwestern China 5000 years ago|journal=The Holocene|date=2007b|volume=52|issue=10}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Xiaoqiang|display-authors=etal|title=Human activity and its impact on the landscape at the Xishanping site in the western Loess Plateau during 4800–4300 cal yr BP based on the fossil charcoal record|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|date=2012|volume=39|issue=}}
- {{cite book|last1=Liu|first1=Li|authorlink=Liu Li (archaeologist) |display-authors=etal|title=The Archaeology of China : From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Spengler|first1=Robert|display-authors=etal|title=Early agriculture and crop transmission among Bronze Age mobile pastoralists of Central Eurasia|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society|date=2014|volume=281|issue=1783|url=http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1783/20133382}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Stevens|first1=C. J.|last2=Murphy|first2=C.|last3=Roberts|first3=R.|last4=Lucas|first4=L.|last5=Silva|first5=F.|last6=Fuller|first6=D. Q.|title=Between China and South Asia: A Middle Asian corridor of crop dispersal and agricultural innovation in the Bronze Age|url=http://hol.sagepub.com/content/26/10/1541.full.pdf |journal=The Holocene|volume=26|issue=10|year=2016|pages=1541–1555|issn=0959-6836|doi=10.1177/0959683616650268|pmid=27942165|pmc=5125436}}
{{refend}} 2 : Archaeological sites in China|History of Gansu |