“Yamaye”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Yamaye people are the descendants of multiple groups of Arawakan peoples in Jamaica.^[1] They also are typically mixed with European and African ancestry.^[2] They are commonly known as Arawak.^[3] In the 1990s, people started to refer to all indigenous Jamaicans as "Taíno"^[4] There is a significant population of Yamaye people in Jamaica,^[5] most notably in Saint Elizabeth Parish, as well as mountainous regions throughout Jamaica and the Maroon community,^[6] Canada,^[6] and the United States.^[7] It is unknown the exact amount of Yamaye people there are. It is estimated that there are around 3,500. It is common saying that they have (an) Arawak grandparent(s).^[8]

Name

The term “Arawak” was a name that was originally applied to the Taino by the Spanish. As they believed that there were similarities with the language spoken by the Arawak Indians of Guianas. Irving Rouse (1992) relates that Daniel Garrison Brinton looked at the similarities between the Arawak people and the Taíno people in 1871 and determined that based on cultural and linguistic similarities. He came to the conclusion that the Taíno were of the same group as the Lokono Arawaks of northeast South America.

The term "Taino" was given by the Spaniards to the people they encountered and was later applied to the same ethnic group by Cornelius Rafinesque in 1836. According to Peter Hulme (1986), the name meant "Good" and "Noble".^[9]

However, due to recent linguistic investigation, the meaning of this word is "Relatives" as well as "Family".^[10]

History

After AD 600, Jamaica was first colonized by the ancestors of the Yamaye, the Ostionoid culture (Rouse 1992).^[1] These people were also known as the Redware people to local Jamaicans.^[9] It is believed that these people lived in coastal areas, with two settlements being only 1km inland, making them the only exceptions. Three hundred years later, the next migration of people were from the Meillacan Ostionoid culture.Traditionally, it was a common belief that the Ostionans were colonized by the Meillacans and absorbed into the latter cultural group, and the Ostionan period was believed to have ended around AD 900. However, recent archaeological investigations across many sites across the island have indicated that the two groups possibly co-inhabited the island. The Melliacan people did not have settlement patterns like the Ostionoid people, as sites have been found all across Jamaica with no clear pattern.

The third migration was the Europeans in early May of 1494^[11]. Due to multiple reasons, many Yamaye people died. The main people to survive were the Yamaye people to escape to the mountains. Where they mixed with the Africans, and created a new population of people. Other Yamaye people survived through heavy assimilation.^[5]

Language

Although, Columbus and his people did not record much of the language. Based on the surviving words, and what words have been recorded, the Yamaye spoke at least one of the Arawakan languages.^[12]^[13]^[14] The language seemed to have similarities with the language of the Kalinago women, who also spoke an Arawakan language^[15]^[16]^[17]

Today, the Yamaye descendants mainly speak Jamaican Patois, Jamaican English. Some do speak a revived version of the Kalinago women's language. Some Taino descendants of other Caribbean islands, also speak the language.^[18]^[19] The revival of the Eyeri language is all because of a Boricua man, known as Jerry Roman^[20]^[21]

Notable Yamaye people

Colin Powell,^[22]^[7]^[23] (/ˈkoʊlɪn/; born April 5, 1937) is an American statesman and a retired four-star general in the United States Army. His mother and father are Jamaican immigrants who came to the United States in the 1940s.

Sir Alexander Bustamante ^[24]^[25] was one of 13 children, born into poverty by to an Arawak mother and an Irish father. At age 15, he was adopted by a wealthy Spanish army officer that was on vacation in Jamaica.^[26] In his adult life, he became the first Prime Minister of Jamaica.

References

1. ^¹{{Cite book|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/6668|title=Pre-Columbian Jamaica|last=Allsworth-Jones|first=Phillip|date=2008|publisher=The University of Alabama Press|isbn=9780817382551|language=English}}
2. ^{{Cite book|title=Taíno Influence on Jamaican Folk traditions|last=Atkinson|first=Lesley-Gail|publisher=|year=2010|isbn=|location=|pages=}}
3. ^{{Cite news|url=https://diaryofanegress.com/2012/09/30/jamaican-arawak-history/|title=Jamaican Arawak History|date=2012-09-30|work=diaryofanegress|access-date=2018-10-02|language=en-US}}
4. ^{{Cite news|url=https://jamaicans.com/0102_arawak_art/|title=Arawak/Taino Cave Art of Jamaica Artist Glenn Woodley images are interpretations of the cave art found all over Jamaica. Evidence of a people long gone, and a unique and precious part of Jamaica's National Heritage.|date=2004-03-26|work=Jamaicans.com|access-date=2018-10-02|language=en-US}}
5. ^¹{{Cite web|url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20140705/lead/lead5.html|title='I am not extinct' - Jamaican Taino proudly declares ancestry|date=2014-07-05|website=jamaica-gleaner.com|language=en|access-date=2018-12-31}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2007012-eng.htm|title=The Jamaican Community in Canada|website=www150.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=2018-12-31}}
7. ^¹{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=6yj1EnhKgsYC&pg=PA215&lpg=PA215&dq=Colin+Powell+%22arawak%22#v=onepage&q=Colin%20Powell%20%22arawak%22&f=false|title=The Language of Journalism: Newspaper culture. Volume one|last=Lasky|first=Melvin J.|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=9781412837552|language=en}}
8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20140705/lead/lead5.html|title='I am not extinct' - Jamaican Taino proudly declares ancestry|website=jamaica-gleaner.com|language=en|access-date=2018-10-23|date=2014-07-05}}
9. ^¹²{{Cite book|title=Taino Indians: Settlements of the Caribbean|citeseerx = 10.1.1.557.2139}}
10. ^{{Cite journal|last=Estevez|first=Jorge|date=2016-09-28|title=Origins of the word Taino|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296694496}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://jis.gov.jm/information/jamaican-history/|title=The History of Jamaica|website=Jamaica Information Service|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-01-15}}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.jamaicaexperiences.com/blogs/details/article/the-languages-of-jamaica|title=The Languages of Jamaica|website=www.jamaicaexperiences.com|access-date=2019-01-23}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://studylib.net/doc/7508152/history-of-jamaica-â€“-the-first-people---|title=History of Jamaica â€" The First People []|website=studylib.net|language=en|access-date=2019-01-23}}
14. ^{{Cite journal|last=Mühleisen|first=Susanne|date=2005-01-01|title=Language in Jamaica. By Pauline Christie. Jamaica. Arawak Publications. 2003.|journal=Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages|language=en|volume=20|issue=2|pages=395–398|doi=10.1075/jpcl.20.2.19muh|issn=0920-9034}}
15. ^{{Cite book|title=Negation in Arawak languages|last=author.|first=Michael, Lev, editor, author. Granadillo, Tania, editor|isbn=9789004257023|oclc=873949439|date = 2014-03-13}}
16. ^{{Cite journal|last=Kalinago|first=R.|date=1985|title=Discours de l'État et récupération des cultures|journal=International Review of Community Development|issue=14|pages=73|doi=10.7202/1034510ar|issn=0707-9699}}
17. ^{{Cite book|title=Kalinago myths : a retelling|last=Julius.|first=Green|date=2002|publisher=Waikada|oclc=759184633}}
18. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.my-island-jamaica.com/jamaican_patwa.html|title=Jamaican Patwa - How To Talk Basic Jamaican Patois|website=My-Island-Jamaica.com|access-date=2019-01-23}}
19. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.native-languages.org/inyeri.htm|title=Inyeri Language and the Inyeri Indian Tribe (Eyeri, Iñeri, Allouage)|website=www.native-languages.org|access-date=2019-01-23}}
20. ^{{Cite journal|last=Guerra|first=L.|date=2004-05-01|title=Taino Revival: Critical Perspectives on Puerto Rican Identity and Cultural Politics|journal=Hispanic American Historical Review|volume=84|issue=2|pages=349–350|doi=10.1215/00182168-84-2-349|issn=0018-2168}}
21. ^{{Cite book|title=New perspectives on language variety in the South : historical and contemporary approaches|last=editor.|first=Picone, Michael D., editor. Davies, Catherine Evans|isbn=9780817387365|oclc=904249458}}
22. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.afrostylemag.com/|title=Afrostyle Magazine|website=www.afrostylemag.com|access-date=2018-12-31}}
23. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=IEKNwp4eHs0C&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=Colin+Powell+%22arawak%22#v=onepage&q=Colin%20Powell%20%22arawak%22&f=false|title=Colin Powell: American Power and Intervention From Vietnam to Iraq|last=O'Sullivan|first=Christopher D.|date=2009-04-16|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=9780742565357|language=en}}
24. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/08/07/archives/sir-alexander-bustamante-jamaican-leader-is-dead.html|title=Sir Alexander Bustamante, Jamaican Leader, Is Dead|last=Saxon|first=Wolfgang|date=1977-08-07|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-12-31|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}
25. ^{{Cite web|url=http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20090802/cleisure/cleisure3.html|title=Jamaica Gleaner Online|website=old.jamaica-gleaner.com|access-date=2018-12-31}}
26. ^{{Cite web|url=https://adoption.com/wiki/William_Alexander_Bustamante_and_Adoption|title=William Alexander Bustamante and Adoption |website=adoption.com|access-date=2018-12-31}}