| 词条 | Yellow pine |
| 释义 |
In ecology and forestry, yellow pine refers to a number of conifer species which tend to grow in similar plant communities and yield similar strong wood. In the Western United States, yellow pine refers to Jeffrey pine or ponderosa pine.[1]{{rp|4}}[2] In the Southern United States, yellow pine refers to longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, slash pine, or loblolly pine.[2] In the United Kingdom, yellow pine refers to Eastern white pine or Scots pine. Western United States{{see also|Sierra Nevada lower montane forest|Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine forest}}The Jeffrey pine and the ponderosa pine are pines that are common in drier montane areas of the Sierra Nevada. They are often confused by casual observers. Across the remainder of the American West, Jeffrey pine is absent, with ponderosa pine being the sole yellow pine. Jeffrey pine is more stress tolerant than ponderosa pine in the Sierra Nevada. At higher elevations, on poorer soils, in colder climates, and in dryer climates, Jeffrey pine replaces ponderosa as the dominant tree ("Jeffrey pine forest").[1] Ponderosa pine-dominated forests ("Ponderosa pine forest") occur at elevations from about {{convert|300|to|2100|m|ft}}. Jeffrey pine-dominated forests occur mostly in California, from {{convert|1500|to|2400|m|ft}} in the north, and {{convert|1700|to|2800|m|ft}} in the south. The highest elevations are typically on the east side of the Sierra Nevada.[1] "Eastside pine forest" refers to areas of Lassen National Forest, Plumas National Forest, and Tahoe National Forest, all on the east of the Sierra Nevada crest, where ponderosa and Jeffrey pine codominate.[1] Ponderosa pine forests occurs on the Colorado Plateau[3] and in the Sierra Nevada[4] of the western United States, as well as other parts of North America. One way to distinguish between them is by their cones. Each has barbs at the end of the scales. The sharp Jeffrey pine cone scale barbs point inward, so the cone feels smooth to the palm of one's hand when rubbed down the cone. Ponderosa pine cone scale barbs point outward, so feel sharp and prickly to the palm of one's hands. Another distinguishing characteristic is that the needles of Jeffrey pine are glaucous, less bright green than those of ponderosa pine, and by the stouter, heavier cones with larger seeds and inward-pointing barbs.[5] Jeffrey pine wood and ponderosa pine wood are sold together as yellow pine.[6] Both kinds of wood are hard (with a Janka hardness of 550 pounds), but the western yellow pine wood is less dense than southern yellow pine wood (28 pounds / cubic foot versus 35 pounds / cubic foot for shortleaf pine).[6] Southern United StatesIn the South, yellow pines grow very well in the acidic red clay soil found in most of the region. The wood from the southern yellow pines typically has a density value between 50–55 lbs/cubic foot when pressure treated. Yellow pine grows across the South and Mid-Atlantic regions, from Texas to New Jersey.[7][8] Dimensional lumber and plywood products manufactured from southern yellow pine are used extensively in home construction in the United States. They are also used for wooden roller coasters and are most used for utility poles throughout the United States.[9]New ZealandHalocarpus biformis, a species of podocarp, is known as yellow pine in New Zealand. It is a tight-grained sweet-smelling and extremely durable wood.[10]References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|last=Safford|first=H.D.|year=2013|title=Natural Range of Variation (NRV) for yellow pine and mixed conifer forests in the bioregional assessment area, including the Sierra Nevada, southern Cascades, and Modoc and Inyo National Forests|publisher=USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region|location=Vallejo, CA|url=http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5434331.pdf}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fpltn/fpltn-214-1936.pdf |title=Southern Yellow Pine |work=United States Forest Service: Forest Products Laboratory |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=13 April 2010}} 3. ^{{cite book|title=Canyon Country Wildflowers|first=Damian|last=Fagan|edition=2nd|year=2012|publisher=Morris Bush Publishing|isbn=978-0-7627-7013-7}} 4. ^1 {{cite book|title=A Natural History of California|first=Allan A.|last=Schoenherr|year=1993|publisher=UC Press|page=180|isbn=0-520-06922-6}} 5. ^{{cite book |last1=Moore|first1=Gerry |last2=Kershner|first2=Bruce |first3=Craig|last3=Tufts |first4=Daniel|last4=Mathews |first5=Gil|last5=Nelson |last6=Spellenberg|first6=Richard |last7=Thieret|first7=John W. |first8=Terry|last8=Purinton |last9=Block|first9=Andrew|display-authors=4 |title=National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America |publisher=Sterling |location=New York |year=2008 |page=86 |isbn=1-4027-3875-7}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.wood-database.com/jeffrey-pine/|title=Jeffrey Pine|work=The Wood Database}} 7. ^{{cite book |title=Maryland: A Guide to the Old Line State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K6BlU1wPV7oC&pg=PA158 |publisher=US History Publishers |isbn=978-1-60354-019-3 |page=158}} 8. ^{{cite book |author=Maryland. Hall of Records Commission |title=Calendar of Maryland State Papers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gekMAAAAIAAJ&q=%22yellow%20pine%22 |year=1971 |page=294}} 9. ^{{cite journal |last1=Vlosky |first1=Richard P. |date=1 April 2003 |title=Homebuilder attitudes and preferences regarding southern yellow pine |journal=Forest Products Journal |publisher=Forest Products Society |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287165585_Homebuilder_attitudes_and_preferences_regarding_southern_yellow_pine }} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.conifers.org/po/Halocarpus_biformis.php|access-date=19 July 2017|title=Halocarpus biformis|publisher=The Gymnosperm Database}} 4 : Conifers|Trees of the United States|Trees of New Zealand|Wood |
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