“Yeniseian people”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Yeniseian people are a Siberian population. The Yeniseian people inhabited once large parts of Siberia, parts of Mongolia and China. They were part of the Xiongnu confederation and created at least one Chinese dynasty.^[1] Today, only the Ket people surrived. The modern Kets live along the eastern middle stretch of the Yenisei River. According to the 2010 census, there were 1,220 Kets in Russia.^[2]

History

It is not known much about the history of the Yeniseian people. According to several historians, the Yeniseians were part of the Xiongnu and were possibly the ruling elite of this confederation. It is also suggested that they played and important role in the Huns, the Xiongnu and the later Rouran Khaganate and that the Rouran themself were of Yeniseian origin.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

The Jie people, a Yeniseian group, created the Later Zhao dynasty and conquered parts of northern China. After some time they were defeated and mostly assimilated into the Han society.^[7]

Like the Jie people, most other Yeniseian groups, excluding the Kets and Yugh people, were assimilated into other ethnicities. Mostly Turkic and Mongolic people replaced and assimilated the Yeniseians.^[8]

The last remants, the Ket people, were conquered by the Russians and are a recogniced minority group in Russia.^[9]

Some scientists also suggest that the Yaniseians are directly related to the Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Especially the Na-Dene populations are often linked to them.^[10]

Language

The Yeniseian language family is an endangerd family with only one surviving branch. The Ket language has only about 213 native speakers as of 2010. Kellog in Russia is the only place where Ket is still taught in schools. Special books are provided for grades second through fourth but after those grades there is only Russian literature to read that describes Ket culture.^[11] There are no known monolingual speakers for now.^[12]

Genetics

The Yeniseians are closely related to other Siberians, East Asians and Indigenous peoples of the Americas. They are a Mongoloid population and belong mostly exclusive to yDNA haplogroup Q-M242.^[13]

According to a recent study, the Ket and other Yeniseian people originated likely somewhere near the Altai Mountainsor near Lake Baikal. Many Yeniseians got assimilated into today Turkic people. It is suggested that the Altaians are predominantly of Yeniseian origin and closely related to the Ket people. Other Siberian Turkic groups have also greatly assimilated Yeniseian people. The Ket people are also closely related to several Native American groups. According to this study, the Yeniseians are linked to Paleo-Eskimo groups.^[14]

References

Citations

1. ^Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-691-13589-2}}. Retrieved 30 March 2015
2. ^{{cite web|last=Vajda|first=Edward G.|url=http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ea210/ket.htm|title=The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples|accessdate=2007-06-29 }}
3. ^Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-691-13589-2}}. Retrieved 30 March 2015
4. ^Vajda, Edward J. (2013). Yeniseian Peoples and Languages: A History of Yeniseian Studies with an Annotated Bibliography and a Source Guide. Oxford/New York: Routledge.{{pn|date=March 2019}}
5. ^Vovin, Alexander. 2010. Once Again on the Ruan-ruan Language. Ötüken’den İstanbul’a Türkçenin 1290 Yılı (720–2010) Sempozyumu From Ötüken to Istanbul, 1290 Years of Turkish (720–2010). 3–5 Aralık 2010, İstanbul / 3–5 December 2010, İstanbul: 1–10.
6. ^ONCE AGAIN ON THE ETYMOLOGY OF THE TITLE qaγan" Alexander VOVIN (Honolulu) – Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia vol. 12 Kraków 2007 (http://ejournals.eu/sj/index.php/SEC/article/viewFile/1100/1096)
7. ^{{cite journal |last1=Vovin |first1=Alexander |title=Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language? |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=44 |issue=1 |year=2000 |pages=87–104 |jstor=41928223 }}
8. ^Taskin, V. S. (1990). Цзе [Jie]. Материалы по истории кочевых народов в Китае III-V вв. [Materials on the history of nomadic peoples in China. 3rd–5th cc. AD] (in Russian). 2. Moskow: Nauka. {{ISBN|5-02-016543-3}}.{{pn|date=March 2019}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.tooyoo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Russia/bibl/Ket.html|title=www.tooyoo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Russia/bibl/Ket.html|website=www.tooyoo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp|access-date=2019-03-17}}
10. ^{{cite conference |first1=Bernard |last1=Comrie |year=2008 |title=Why the Dene-Yeniseic Hypothesis is Exciting |location=Fairbanks and Anchorage, Alaska |conference=Dene-Yeniseic Symposium |url=http://www.language-archives.org/item/oai:anla.uaf.edu:CA000C2008 }}
11. ^{{Cite journal|last=Kryukova|first=Elena|year=2013|title=The Ket Language: from descriptive linguistic to interdisciplinary research|url=|journal=Tomsk Journal of Linguistics & Anthropology|volume=1|pages=39|via=}}
12. ^{{Cite book|title=Loanwords in the World's Languages: a Comparative Handbook|last=Vajda|first=Edward|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|year=2006|isbn=|location=|pages=471–500}}
13. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1353/hub.2003.0006 |title=High Levels of Y-Chromosome Differentiation among Native Siberian Populations and the Genetic Signature of a Boreal Hunter-Gatherer Way of Life |journal=Human Biology |volume=74 |issue=6 |pages=761–789 |year=2002 |last1=Karafet |first1=Tatiana M. |last2=Osipova |first2=Ludmila P. |last3=Gubina |first3=Marina A. |last4=Posukh |first4=Olga L. |last5=Zegura |first5=Stephen L. |last6=Hammer |first6=Michael F. }}
14. ^{{Cite journal|last=Flegontov|first=Pavel|last2=Changmai|first2=Piya|last3=Zidkova|first3=Anastassiya|last4=Logacheva|first4=Maria D.|last5=Altınışık|first5=N. Ezgi|last6=Flegontova|first6=Olga|last7=Gelfand|first7=Mikhail S.|last8=Gerasimov|first8=Evgeny S.|last9=Khrameeva|first9=Ekaterina E.|date=2016-02-11|title=Genomic study of the Ket: a Paleo-Eskimo-related ethnic group with significant ancient North Eurasian ancestry |journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|pages=20768|doi=10.1038/srep20768 |pmc=4750364|pmid=26865217|bibcode=2016NatSR...620768F|arxiv=1508.03097}}