| 词条 | Yoga Makaranda |
| 释义 |
| italic title = | name = Yoga Makaranda | image = File:Yoga_Makaranda_cover.jpg | author = Tirumalai Krishnamacharya | orig_lang_code = | translator = | country = | language = Kannada | subject = Modern yoga | genre = Instruction manual | publisher = | pub_date = 1934 | english_pub_date = 2006 | pages = | oclc = }} Yoga Makaranda (Sanskrit: योग मकरन्द), meaning "Essence of Yoga", is a 1934 book on hatha yoga by the influential teacher of modern yoga, Tirumalai Krishnamacharya. ContextHatha yoga, the medieval practice which used asanas (yoga postures) and other practices such as shatkarmas (purifications) to gain moksha, spiritual liberation, was despised and in decline by the start of the 20th century. Western gymnastics such as Niels Bukh's Primary Gymnastics became popular in India, partly as a result of Hindu nationalism which sought to show Indian men as strong. At the same time, yoga in various forms was being popularised in the West by advocates such as Vivekananda (without asanas), Yogananda, and Yogendra.[1]BookPublication and translationYoga Makaranda was published in the Kannada language by the Madurai C.M.V. Press in 1934. A Tamil edition appeared in 1938.{{sfn|Krishnamacharya|2006|p=1}} An English translation by Lakshmi and Nandini Ranganathan was published in 2006.{{sfn|Krishnamacharya|2006|p=3}} A different English translation by Krishnamacharya's grandson Kausthub Desikachar and son T.K.V. Desikachar was published in paperback in 2011 and online in 2013.[2]ContentsThe book is introduced with a discussion of why yoga should be practised, the chakras, pratyahara, dharana and dhyana, and who "has the authority to practise Yoga", which in Krishnamacharya's view is "everyone".{{sfn|Krishnamacharya|2006|p=17}} It considers yama and niyama, and warns that "sleep, laziness and disease" are obstacles to becoming "an adept yogi".{{sfn|Krishnamacharya|2006|p=25}} The book then describes where to practise yoga, recommending "a place with plenty of water, a fertile place, a place where there is a bank of a holy river, where there are no crowds, a clean solitary place — such places are superior."{{sfn|Krishnamacharya|2006|p=33}} It gives a description of the purifications (which it calls shatkriyas) and seals (mudras). The bulk of the book (pages 51-151) is taken up with a description of 42 asanas, illustrated with 95 photographs of Krishnamacharya and his students executing the asanas. ApproachEach asana is described with some paragraphs of instructions, and illustrated with one or more photographs. The student is instructed how to stand, and which limbs should be straight. For many poses, the claimed medical benefits are then described. NomenclatureKrishnamacharya names the asanas, in Sanskrit, by the parts of the body and the stretches involved. For example "Adhomukha Uttanasana" means "Face Down Extended Stretch Pose", while "Supta Utthita Dakshinapada Janusirsasana" is "Reclining Extended Right Foot Head to Knee Pose"; a glossary of Sanskrit is provided in the text.{{sfn|Krishnamacharya|2006|pp=159-161}} ReceptionThe yoga scholar Mark Singleton notes that the book "has quasi-legendary status among contemporary students of Pattabhi Jois [though] very few have actually seen it".{{sfn|Singleton|2010|p=9}} He quotes the original introduction by V. Subhramananya Iyer, which called the book "a result of the many tests conducted under the special orders of the Maharaja of Mysore", in other words that the book "was intended to be, and in practice was, experimental (his italics)".{{sfn|Singleton|2010|p=186}} Singleton observes that the book called for the asanas to be held for long periods (3 to 15 minutes), arguing that the rapid sequences inherited by his pupil Pattabhi Jois were a special case, even then.{{sfn|Singleton|2010|pp=195-196}} The yoga scholar Norman Sjoman comments that Krishnamacharya's list of sources "reveals his relation to tradition", but is "a padded academic bibliography with works referred to that have nothing to do with the tradition he is teaching in".{{sfn|Sjoman|1999|p=66 (note 69)}} The list includes for instance the well-known hatha yoga texts, the Hatha Yoga Pradipika, the Gheranda Samhita and the Sritattvanidhi as well as the Yoga Upanishads. Sjoman gives as an example the recommendations for vajroli mudra which call for "a glass rod to be inserted into the urethra [of the penis] an inch at a time. His recommendations show that he has most certainly not experimented with this himself in the manner he recommends."{{sfn|Sjoman|1999|p=66 (note 69)}} The yoga teacher T.K.V. Desikachar explained that his father had intended to write a series of books on yoga, of which this was to have been the first, but the death of his sponsor the Maharaja of Mysore caused the series to be abandoned. He stated that his father had decided to cover practices (shatkarmas, purifications) such as neti and dhauti "which he himself did not recommend". And he noted that the asanas in the book are described in "vinyasa krama", which was the way Krishnamacharya taught yoga to children in the Mysore palace. Other practices which he strongly endorsed like pranayama and meditation were to be topics of later books and were therefore not covered.[3][4] Krishnamacharya's biographer A. G. Mohan states that the book was written "in three nights" according to Krishnamacharya's wife, at the behest of the maharaja. Mohan notes without comment that the book covers yoga practices other than asanas that Krishnamacharya "did not instruct his students to practice".[5] References1. ^{{cite web |last1=Campion |first1=Mukti Jain |title=The Secret History of Yoga |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07flbst |publisher=BBC |accessdate=8 January 2019 |date=17 June 2016}} 2. ^{{cite book |last1=Krishnamacharya |first1=Tirumalai |title=Yoga Makaranda - The Nectar of Yoga |translator=Kausthub Desikachar and T.K.V. Desikachar |date=2013 |origyear=2011 |publisher=Swathi Soft Solutions |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Yoga-Makaranda-Nectar-Yogacarya-Krishnamacharya-ebook/dp/B00CFB3OWS}} 3. ^{{cite web |title=Introduction to the Yoga Makaranda by TKV Desikachar |url=https://yogastudies.org/2017/04/introduction-yoga-makaranda-tkv-desikachar/ |publisher=Centre for Yoga Studies |accessdate=15 February 2019}} 4. ^{{cite journal |last1=Desikachar |first1=T. K. V. |title=Introduction to the Yoga Makaranda |journal=KYM Darśanam |date=November 1993 |issue=November 1993 |url=https://yogastudies.org/wp-content/uploads/KYM_Darsanam_November_1993.pdf}} 5. ^{{cite book|last=Mohan|first=A. G. |title=Krishnamacharya: His Life and Teachings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6nQQQ0OWo8C&pg=PA133|year=2010|publisher=Shambhala Publications|isbn=978-0-8348-2249-8|pages=133–134}} Sources
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