| 词条 | Zakia Hakki |
| 释义 |
| name = Zakia Ismael Hakki | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = 18 November 1939 | birth_place = Baghdad | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = Kurdish, Iraqi | other_names = | occupation = Judge, politician | years_active = | known_for = First femal judge in Iraq, advising the drafting of Iraq's constitution | notable_works = }} Zakia Ismael Hakki (born 18 November 1939) is a Feyli Kurdish lawyer who was appointed Iraq's first female judge in 1959. She fled Iraq in 1996 after her husband was killed and was granted asylum in the United States. She returned to Iraq in 2003 and was elected to the National Assembly of Iraq and was an advisor in the drafting of the constitution. Early life and educationZakia Hakki was born on 18 November 1939 in Baghdad. She graduated from law school in 1957, one of five women in a class of 350.[1] She has a Bachelor of Science in business administration from the International Labor Union in Switzerland and a Doctor of Law degree from the University of Baghdad.[2] CareerHakki worked in Baghdad as both a lawyer and judge. In the 1950s, she smuggled documents into the US embassy about the treatment of Kurds in Iraq.[1] She founded the Kurdish Women's Federation and served as its president from 1958 to 1975.[2][2] In 1959, Hakki was the first woman appointed as a judge in Iraq, making her the first female judge in the Middle East.[3][7][4] In 1970, she became the only woman in the leadership of the Kurdistan Democratic Party.[4] She was a senior official in the ministries of industry and agriculture in the pre-Saddam Hussein period.[5] As Hussein gained power, she joined the Kurdish cause, fighting as a guerrilla until she was arrested and tortured in 1975.[5] The regime placed her under house arrest and she fled with other KDP leaders to Iran, supported by the Shah.[1] She returned to Baghdad but kept a lower political profile, working in family and civil law.[1] She survived numerous assassination attempts[7] and her husband and brother were killed by Hussein's people for speaking out against the regime's policies.[6] Hakki fled Iraq in 1996, bribing her way out of the country with a valuable carpet.[1] She received political asylum in the United States.[7] She was a member of the Independents Liberal Politician Iraqi Women Group, speaking out about conditions for women in Hussein's Iraq.[8] Hakki worked as an attorney in Northern Virginia and was the vice president of the Iraqi-American Council.[9] She supported her son in his fight for asylum in the US after he was accused of being a double agent.[10] Hakki returned to Iraq in 2003, seeking to put her legal expertise to work in rebuilding the country.[1] She was elected a member of the interim parliament.[11][12] She was hired by the Coalition Provisional Authority's interim Ministry of Justice to make recommendations about legal reforms to the Constitution Review Committee.[13] However, neither she nor any other woman was able to participate in the drafting process for the new Constitution, debate the constitution publicly or review it before the final draft became public.[14] In 2004, Hakki was an outspoken opponent against the US-backed Iraqi Governing Council's decision to cancel family laws and place jurisdiction under sharia, saying, "This new law will send Iraqi families back to the Middle Ages."[15][16] When Shiite Islamic parties pushed for sharia to be enshrined in the interim constitution, Hakki used her Department of Defense clearance to bring activists into the Green Zone and staged sit-ins in US proconsul Paul Bremer's office until he agreed to veto sharia.[17] She was an adviser to Iraq's Ministry of Justice in 2004–2005.[18] In 2005 she said, "I am thankful America liberated us from Saddam Hussein, but I resent how it has been dealing with Iraqis since then."[6] Personal lifeHakki is a Shia Muslim.[3] Her husband was killed under Saddam Hussein. Two of her sons were evacuated to Guam and held in INS detention: Ali, a doctor with his wife and two children, and his brother who had deserted Hussein's army after witnessing the destruction of a Kurdish village.[7] References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0716/p01s04-woiq.html|title=Five women confront a new Iraq|first=Ilene R.|last=Prusher|date=16 July 2003|accessdate=14 July 2018|work=Christian Science Monitor}} 2. ^{{cite book|title=City of Widows: An Iraqi Woman's Account of War and Resistance|publisher=Seven Stories Press|year=2011|first=Haifa|last=Zangana|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=5VHz9DaQHDQC}} 3. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/judge-hails-guarantee-of-women-mps-307847.html|work=Independent|title=Judge hails 'guarantee' of women MPs|first=Anna|last=Penketh|date=24 August 2005|accessdate=14 July 2018}} 4. ^1 {{cite book|page=621|title=The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture|first=Barry|last=Rubin|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=pe9nBwAAQBAJ}} 5. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/mundo/ft0604200313.htm|title="Mundo ignora crueldades de Saddam", diz exilada|first=Fernando|last=Canzian|language=Portuguese|date=6 April 2003|accessdate=14 July 2018|work=Folha De S Paulo}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/GetArticleBody.aspx?id=91085&username=|title=Black-turbaned sheikhs, women activists, former dissidents, royalty and even a partisan of radical cleric Moqtada al-Sadr rubbed shoulders in what has been billed as Iraq's first step toward democracy|work=Daily Star|first=Sam|last=Dagher}} 7. ^1 {{cite book|pages=36–38|title=American Gulag: Inside U.S. Immigration Prisons|first=Mark|last=Dow|year=2005|publisher=University of California Press|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=cacwDwAAQBAJ}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.faylee.org/english/articles/doc15.php|title=Press Conference|first=Zakia|last=Hakki|date=22 October 2002|publisher=Faylee Kurds Democratic Union|accessdate=14 July 2018}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.iwf.org/news/2434631/A-Quest-for-Political-Economic-and-Social-Participation-in-a-Democratic-Iraq|title=A Quest for Political, Economic and Social Participation in a Democratic Iraq|date=16 August 2004|accessdate=14 July 2018|publisher=Independent Women's Forum}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/11/world/iraqi-doctor-once-on-cia-s-payroll-fights-to-stay-in-us.html|title=Iraqi Doctor, Once on C.I.A.'s Payroll, Fights to Stay in U.S.|date=11 April 2000|accessdate=14 July 2018|work=the New York Times}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://womensenews.org/2005/10/constitutions-give-slow-birth-female-blocs/|title=Constitutions Give Slow Birth to Female Blocs|author=Azimi and Cartier|date=21 October 2005|work=Womens E News|accessdate=14 July 2018}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Iraqi-women-seek-leadership-positions/68531138129641/|title=Iraqi women seek leadership positions|first=Meredith|last=Mackenzie|date=24 January 2006|accessdate=14 July 2018|work=UPI}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/women-under-siege/|work=The Nation|title=Women Under Siege|first=Lauren|last=Sandler|date=11 December 2003|accessdate=14 July 2018}} 14. ^1 2 {{cite book|pages=144–145|title=Voices from Post-Saddam Iraq: Living with Terrorism, Insurgency, and New Forms of Tyranny: Living with Terrorism, Insurgency, and New Forms of Tyranny|first=Victoria|last=Fontan|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=MS463THdIYgC}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2004/01/16/iraqi-women-decry-move-to-cut-rights/74decc2e-6724-470e-b521-8df09ec30fd2/|work=The Washington Post|title=Iraqi Women Decry Move To Cut Rights|first=Pamela|last=Constable|date=16 January 2004|accessdate=14 July 2018}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=https://forward.com/opinion/6406/back-to-the-middle-ages/|title=Back to the Middle Ages?|first=Kathleen|last=Peratis|work=Forward|date=27 February 2004|accessdate=14 July 2018}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Squelching+freedom+in+Iraqui+Kurdistan.-a0147201930|title=Squelching freedom in Iraqui Kurdistan|first=David|last=Enders|date=1 June 2006|accessdate=14 July 2018|work=The Progressive}} 18. ^{{cite book|pages=335–336|title=From Patriarchy to Empowerment: Women's Participation, Movements, and Rights in the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia|first=Valentine M.|last=Moghadam|year=2007|publisher=Syracuse University Press|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=iKsSEulnPTsC}} External links
14 : Living people|1939 births|People from Baghdad|University of Baghdad alumni|Iraqi Shia Muslims|Iraqi lawyers|Iraqi Kurdish feminists|Kurdistan Democratic Party politicians|Kurdish women in politics|Kurdish women|Kurdish people|Political office-holders in Iraq|Women judges|Iraqi judges |
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