“Zika virus vaccine”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A Zika virus vaccine is designed to prevent the symptoms and complications of Zika virus infection in humans. As Zika virus infection of pregnant women may result in congenital defects in the newborn, the vaccine will attempt to protect against congenital Zika syndrome during the current or any future outbreak.^[1] As of July 2018, no vaccines has been approved for clinical use, however a number of vaccines are currently in clinical trials.^[2]^[3]^[4] The goal of a Zika virus vaccine is to elicit protective antibodies against the Zika virus to prevent infection and severe disease. The challenges in developing a safe and effective vaccine include limiting side effects such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, a potential consequence of Zika virus infection. Additionally, as dengue virus is closely related to Zika virus, the vaccine needs to minimize the possibility of antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus infection.^[5]^[6]^[7]

DNA Vaccine

As of March 31, 2017 a DNA vaccine has been approved for Phase 2 clinical trials in humans.^[8] The vaccine consists of a DNA plasmid encoding the E and PrM proteins which make up the outer protein coat of the Zika virus virion.^[9] Based on a previous platform used to develop a West Nile virus vaccine, the DNA vaccine is designed to assemble protein particles that mimic Zika virus and trigger the body's immune response.

Purified Inactivated Vaccine (ZPIV)

A purified inactivated vaccine is currently under development by the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research.^[10] This vaccine is based on the same technology used to develop a vaccine against Japanese Encephalitis Virus. As the ZPIV vaccine contains inactivated Zika particles, virus cannot replicate and cause disease in humans. U.S. Army researchers agreed to give Sanofi permission to develop the technology, but protest in Congress halted the venture. Initial results at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and at other hospitals involved in the early clinical trials were considered to be promising.^[11]^[12]

Live Attenuated Vaccine

A live attenuated vaccine, in which the virus is genetically altered as to not cause disease in humans, is undergoing phase 1 clinical trials. This vaccine is based on the dengue vaccine Dengvaxia, which has been approved for use in humans.^[13]

mRNA Vaccine

A modified mRNA vaccine developed in collaboration with Moderna Therapeutics containing the E and PrM proteins is undergoing concurrent phase 1 and 2 clinical trials.^[14]^[15]

Viral Vector Based Vaccines

Multiple vaccines are also being developed using safe, non-pathogenic, viruses as vectors for immunogenic Zika virus proteins. One phase 1 trial is using the Measles virus as a vector and was completed in April 2018 ^[16]. Another vaccine platform makes use of Adenovirus as a vector and phase 1 studies will be complete in 2019. ^[17] Adenoviruses have been previously used as a vaccine platform for HIV and elicit a strong immune response. ^[18]

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=Zika virus vaccine product development|url=http://www.who.int/immunization/research/development/zika/en/|website=World Health Organization}}
2. ^{{cite journal |last1=Abbink |first1=P |last2=Stephenson |first2=KE |last3=Barouch |first3=DH |title=Zika virus vaccines |journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology |volume=16 |issue=10 |pages=594–600 |date=19 June 2018 |doi=10.1038/s41579-018-0039-7 |pmid=29921914|pmc=6162149 }}
3. ^{{cite journal|last1=Fernandez|first1=E|last2=Diamond|first2=MS|title=Vaccination strategies against Zika virus|journal=Current Opinion in Virology|date=19 April 2017|volume=23|pages=59–67|doi=10.1016/j.coviro.2017.03.006|pmid=28432975|pmc=5576498}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=Zika Virus Vaccines {{!}} NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/zika-vaccines|website=www.niaid.nih.gov|language=en}}
5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Barouch|first1=DH|last2=Thomas|first2=SJ|last3=Michael|first3=NL|title=Prospects for a Zika Virus Vaccine|journal=Immunity|date=21 February 2017|volume=46|issue=2|pages=176–182|pmid=28228277|pmc=5357134|doi=10.1016/j.immuni.2017.02.005}}
6. ^{{cite journal|last1=Saiz|first1=JC|last2=Martín-Acebes|first2=MA|last3=Bueno-Marí|first3=R|last4=Salomón|first4=OD|last5=Villamil-Jiménez|first5=LC|last6=Heukelbach|first6=J|last7=Alencar|first7=CH|last8=Armstrong|first8=PK|last9=Ortiga-Carvalho|first9=TM|last10=Mendez-Otero|first10=R|last11=Rosado-de-Castro|first11=PH|last12=Pimentel-Coelho|first12=PM|title=Zika Virus: What Have We Learnt Since the Start of the Recent Epidemic?|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|date=2017|volume=8|pages=1554|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2017.01554|pmid=28878742|pmc=5572254}}
7. ^{{cite journal|last1=Priyamvada|first1=L|last2=Hudson|first2=W|last3=Ahmed|first3=R|last4=Wrammert|first4=J|title=Humoral cross-reactivity between Zika and dengue viruses: implications for protection and pathology|journal=Emerging Microbes & Infections|date=10 May 2017|volume=6|issue=5|pages=e33|doi=10.1038/emi.2017.42|pmid=28487557|pmc=5520485}}
8. ^{{cite web|title=Phase 2 Zika Vaccine Trial Begins in U.S., Central and South America {{!}} NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/news-events/phase-2-zika-vaccine-trial-begins-us-central-and-south-america|website=www.niaid.nih.gov|language=en}}
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10. ^{{cite web|title=Testing of Investigational Inactivated Zika Vaccine in Humans Begins {{!}} NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/news-events/testing-investigational-inactivated-zika-vaccine-humans-begins|website=www.niaid.nih.gov|language=en}}
11. ^Reuters. Steenhuysen, Julie and Chang, Richard. (4 December 2017). "Trial results of Zika vaccine Sanofi dropped show promise". WIBQ website Retrieved 13 December 2017.
12. ^Modjarrad, Kayvon; Lin, Leyi; George, Sarah L.; et al. (4 December 2017). "Preliminary aggregate safety and immunogenicity results from three trials of a purified inactivated Zika virus vaccine candidate: phase 1, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials." The Lancet DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33106-9 | Retrieved 14 December 2017.
13. ^{{cite web|title=Zika Virus Vaccines {{!}} NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/zika-vaccines|website=www.niaid.nih.gov|language=en}}
14. ^{{cite web |title=Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of mRNA-1325 in Healthy Adult Subjects - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03014089 |language=en}}
15. ^{{cite journal|last1=Fernandez|first1=E|last2=Diamond|first2=MS|title=Vaccination strategies against Zika virus|journal=Current Opinion in Virology|date=19 April 2017|volume=23|pages=59–67|doi=10.1016/j.coviro.2017.03.006|pmid=28432975|pmc=5576498}}
16. ^{{cite web |title=Zika-Vaccine Dose Finding Study Regarding Safety, Immunogenicity and Tolerability - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02996890 |language=en}}
17. ^{{cite journal |title=A Study to Evaluate the Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of Ad26.ZIKV.001 in Healthy Adult Volunteers - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03356561 |language=en}}
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