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词条 Antiparasitic
释义

  1. Types

     Broad-spectrum  Antiprotozoals  Antihelminthic  Antinematodes  Anticestodes  Antitrematodes  Antiamoebics  Antifungals 

  2. New treatments

  3. Medical uses

     Administration 

  4. Drug development history

  5. See also

  6. References

Antiparasitics are a class of medications which are indicated for the treatment of parasitic diseases, such as those caused by helminths,[1] amoeba,[2] ectoparasites, parasitic fungi,[3] and protozoa,[1] among others. Antiparasitics target the parasitic agents of the infections by destroying them or inhibiting their growth;[3] they are usually effective against a limited number of parasites within a particular class. Antiparasitics are one of the antimicrobial drugs which include antibiotics that target bacteria, and antifungals that target fungi. They may be administered orally, intravenously or topically.[3]

Broad-Spectrum antiparasitics, analogous to broad-spectrum antibiotics for bacteria, are antiparasitic drugs with efficacy in treating a wide range of parasitic infections caused by parasites from different classes.

Types

{{See also|List of human parasitic diseases}}

Broad-spectrum

  • Nitazoxanide[4][5][6][7]

Antiprotozoals

{{main|Antiprotozoal}}
  • Melarsoprol (for treatment of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei)
  • Eflornithine (for sleeping sickness)
  • Metronidazole (for vaginitis caused by Trichomonas)
  • Tinidazole (for intestinal infections caused by Giardia lamblia)
  • Miltefosine (for the treatment of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, currently undergoing investigation for Chagas disease)

Antihelminthic

{{main|Antihelminthic}}

Antinematodes

  • Mebendazole (for most nematode infections)
  • Pyrantel pamoate (for most nematode infections)
  • Thiabendazole (for roundworm infections)
  • Diethylcarbamazine (for treatment of Lymphatic filariasis)
  • Ivermectin (for prevention of river blindness)

Anticestodes

  • Niclosamide (for tapeworm infections)
  • Praziquantel (for tapeworm infections)
  • Albendazole (broad spectrum)

Antitrematodes

  • Praziquantel

Antiamoebics

  • Rifampin
  • Amphotericin B

Antifungals

  • Fumagillin (for microsporidiosis)[8][9]

New treatments

In the last decades, triazolopyrimidines and their metal complexes have been employed as an alternative drug to the exisisting commercial antimonials, searching for a decrease in side effects and the development of parasite drug resistance.[10][11]

The use of metal compounds as antiparasitic agents has been reviewed.[12]

Medical uses

Antiparasitics treat parasitic diseases, which impact an estimated 2 billion people.[1]

Administration

Antiparastics may be given via a variety of routes depending on the specific medication, including oral, topical, and intravenous.[3]

Resitance to antiparasitics has been growing concern, especially in veterinary medicine. The Egg hatch assay can be used to determine whether a parasite causing an infection has become resistant to standard drug treatments.[13]

Drug development history

Early antiparasitics were ineffective, frequently toxic to patients, and difficult to administer due to the difficulty in distinguishing between the host and the parasite.[3]

Between 1975 and 1999 only 13 of 1,300 new drugs were antiparasitics, which raised concerns that insufficient incentives existed to drive development of new treatments for diseases that disproportionately target low-income countries. This led to new public sector and public-private partnerships (PPPs), including investment by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Between 2000 and 2005, twenty new antiparasitic agents were developed or in development. In 2005, a new antimalarial cost approximately $300 million to develop with a 50% failure rate.[14]

See also

  • Balsam of Peru, which has antiparasitic attributes
  • Naegleria fowleri
  • Balamuthia mandrillaris

References

1. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last1=Kappagoda|first1=Shanthi|last2=Singh|first2=Upinder|last3=Blackburn|first3=Brian G.|title=Antiparasitic Therapy|journal=Mayo Clin. Proc.|date=2011|volume=86|issue=6|pages=561–583|doi=10.4065/mcp.2011.0203|pmc=3104918|pmid=21628620}}
2. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Kusrini E, Hashim F, Azmi WN, Amin NM, Estuningtyas A | title = A novel antiamoebic agent against Acanthamoeba sp. - A causative agent for eye keratitis infection | journal = Spectrochim Acta a Mol Biomol Spectrosc | volume = 153 | issue = | pages = 714–21 | year = 2016 | pmid = 26474244 | doi = 10.1016/j.saa.2015.09.021 | url = }}
3. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=ANTIPARASITICS|url=http://www.cyto.purdue.edu/cdroms/cyto2/17/chmrx/anthelmi.htm|website=Purdue University Cytology Laboratories|publisher=Purdue Research Foundation|accessdate=2015-08-30}}
4. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Di Santo N, Ehrisman J | title = Research perspective: potential role of nitazoxanide in ovarian cancer treatment. Old drug, new purpose? | journal = Cancers (Basel) | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 1163–1176 | year = 2013 | pmid = 24202339 | pmc = 3795384 | doi = 10.3390/cancers5031163 | quote = Nitazoxanide [NTZ: 2-acetyloxy-N-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl)benzamide] is a thiazolide antiparasitic agent with excellent activity against a wide variety of protozoa and helminths.  ... Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a main compound of a class of broad-spectrum anti-parasitic compounds named thiazolides. It is composed of a nitrothiazole-ring and a salicylic acid moiety which are linked together by an amide bond ... NTZ is generally well tolerated, and no significant adverse events have been noted in human trials [13]. ... In vitro, NTZ and tizoxanide function against a wide range of organisms, including the protozoal species Blastocystis hominis, C. parvum, Entamoeba histolytica, G. lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis [13]}}
5. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = White CA | title = Nitazoxanide: a new broad spectrum antiparasitic agent | journal = Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 43–9 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15482170 | doi = 10.1586/14787210.2.1.43| quote = }}
6. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Hemphill A, Mueller J, Esposito M | title = Nitazoxanide, a broad-spectrum thiazolide anti-infective agent for the treatment of gastrointestinal infections | journal = Expert Opin Pharmacother | volume = 7 | issue = 7 | pages = 953–64 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16634717 | doi = 10.1517/14656566.7.7.953 | quote = }}
7. ^{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2165/00003495-200767130-00015 | last1 = Anderson | first1 = V. R. | last2 = Curran | first2 = M. P. | title = Nitazoxanide: A review of its use in the treatment of gastrointestinal infections | journal = Drugs | volume = 67 | issue = 13 | pages = 1947–1967 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17722965}}
8. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Molina JM, Tourneur M, Sarfati C, etal |title=Fumagillin treatment of intestinal microsporidiosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=346 |issue=25 |pages=1963–9 |date=June 2002 |pmid=12075057 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa012924 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=12075057&promo=ONFLNS19}}
9. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Lanternier F, Boutboul D, Menotti J, etal |title=Microsporidiosis in solid organ transplant recipients: two Enterocytozoon bieneusi cases and review |journal=Transpl Infect Dis |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=83–8 |date=February 2009 |pmid=18803616 |doi=10.1111/j.1399-3062.2008.00347.x}}
10. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Méndez-Arriaga JM, Oyarzabal I, etal |title=In vitro leishmanicidal and trypanocidal evaluation and magnetic properties of 7-amino-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine Cu(II) complexes |journal=J. Bioinorg. Chem. |volume=180 |pages=26–32 |date=March 2018 |pmid=29227923 |doi=10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.11.027 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0162013417305822}}
11. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Review |title=Leishmanicidal and Trypanocidal Activity of Metal Complexes with 1,2,4-Triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines: Insights on their Therapeutic Potential against Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease |journal=Curr. Med. Chem. |volume=24 |pages=2796–2806 |date=2017 |number=25 |pmid=28521698 |doi=10.2174/0929867324666170516122024 |url=https://www.eurekaselect.com/152453/article}}
12. ^{{cite book |last1=Gambino|first1=Dinorah |last2=Otero|first2=Lucia |editor1-last=Sigel|editor1-first=Astrid|editor2-last=Freisinger|editor2-first=Eva|editor3-last=Sigel|editor3-first=Roland K. O. |editor4-last=Carver|editor4-first=Peggy L. (Guest editor) |title=Essential Metals in Medicine:Therapeutic Use and Toxicity of Metal Ions in the Clinic|journal=Metal Ions in Life Sciences |volume=19 |date=2019 |publisher=de Gruyter GmbH|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-11-052691-2|doi=10.1515/9783110527872-019|pmid=|pages=331–357|chapter=Chapter 13. Metal Compounds in the Development of Antiparasitic Agents: Rational Design from Basic Chemistry to the Clinic}}
13. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-nS2JylUCCEC&pg=PA174&dq=%22Egg+hatch+assay%22+definition#v=onepage&q=%22Egg%20hatch%20assay%22%20definition&f=false|title=Sheep Flock Health: A Planned Approach|last=Sargison|first=Neil|date=2009-01-26|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781444302608|language=en}}
14. ^{{cite journal|last1=Pink|first1=Richard|last2=Hudson|first2=Alan|last3=Mouries|first3=Marie-Annick|last4=Bendig|first4=Mary|title=Opportunities and Challenges in Antiparasitic Drug Discovery|journal=Nature|date=September 2005|volume=4|issue=9|pages=727–740|doi=10.1038/nrd1824|url=http://www.nature.com/nrd/journal/v4/n9/full/nrd1824.html}}
{{Major drug groups}}{{Excavata antiparasitics}}{{Antiprotozoal agent}}{{Agents against amoebozoa}}{{Anthelmintics}}

2 : Antiparasitic agents|Biocides
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