词条 | Anugita |
释义 |
It contains a summary by Vaisampayana who heard and remembered Krishna's conversation with Arjuna after the Mahabharata war is over. They discuss various topics on ethics and morality, as well as the nature of existence. It is one of the numerous such dialogues and debates found in the Mahabharata.[3][6] The text, consisting of thirty six chapters (from XVI to LI) of its Book 14, contains many of theories found in the ancient Mukhya Upanishads. For example:[7]
The Anugita contains sections on what constitutes the duties of the good human being. For example, in chapter 23, it states the best quality and the duties of the good are: {{Quote|Joy, pleasure, nobility, enlightenment and happiness also, absence of stinginess, absence of fear, contentment, faith, forgiveness, courage, harmlessness (ahimsa), equability, truth, straight forwardness, absence of wrath (akrodha), absence of caluminiation, purity, dexterity, valor. (...) Devoid of the notion that this or that is mine, devoid of egoism, devoid of expectations, equable everywhere, not full of desires, to be such is eternal duty of the good. |Anugita|Translator: Kashinath Trimbak Telang[12]}}Anugita exists in many versions, with 36 or less chapters, with many chapters containing overlapping content. The original is probably ancient, but the text was edited, revised, interpolated and re-organized into chapters over its history. According to F.E. Hall, states Telang, the extant north Indian version was in all probability revised in or after the 16th-century CE. The parts and terms related to castes and confusing changes in fables in some manuscripts, for example states Telang, are late medieval era interpolations.[13]Anugita is significant because the original's ideas and ethical points of views are cited by scholars of different schools of Hindu philosophy such as the early 8th-century Adi Shankara and 15th-century Vijnanabhiksu.[14] Scholars have discussed whether the ethical theories in Anugita were influenced by Buddhism or Jainism, or their theories borrowed from Anugita. According to Max Muller, though similar, given the evidence and the details of their respective theories, it is impossible to state either.[15]Anugita is generally believed by scholars to be likely a much later addition to the Mahabharata, than the ancient Bhagavad Gita, and that the teachings between the two texts are quite different in their details and the philosophical foundations.[16] References1. ^1 2 [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mahabharata Mahabharata, Hindu Literature], Wendy Doniger, Encyclopaedia Britannica 2. ^{{cite book|author=Kashinath T Telang|editor=Max Muller|title=The Bhagavadgîtâ: With the Sanatsugâtîya and the Anugîtâ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_igLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA198 |year=1882|publisher=Clarendon Press|pages=198–204}} 3. ^1 Kashinath T Telang, The Anugita, Volume 8, Sacred Books of the East, Editor: Max Muller, Oxford (Republished by Universal Theosophy) 4. ^{{cite book|author=Moriz Winternitz|authorlink=Moriz Winternitz|title=A History of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA408|year=1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0264-3|pages=408–409}} 5. ^{{cite journal | last=Sharma | first=Arvind | title=The Role of the Anugītā in the Understanding of the Bhagavadgītā | journal=Religious Studies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=14 | issue=02 | year=1978 | issn=0034-4125 | doi=10.1017/s0034412500010738 | pages=261-267}} 6. ^{{cite book|author=F. Max Muller|title=The Anugita|url= https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.172907/2015.172907.The-Bhagwadgita-With-The--Sanatsugatiya-And-The-Anugita-volviii#page/n199/mode/2up|year=2014|publisher=Routledge (Reprint of the 1910 Original)|isbn=978-1-317-84920-9|pages=197–227}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=F. Max Muller|title=The Bhagavadgita with the Sanatsujatiya and the Anugita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cPKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA197|year=2014|publisher=Routledge (Reprint of the 1910 Original)|isbn=978-1-317-84920-9|pages=261-339}} 8. ^{{cite book|author=F. Max Muller|title=The Bhagavadgita with the Sanatsujatiya and the Anugita|url= https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.172907/2015.172907.The-Bhagwadgita-With-The--Sanatsugatiya-And-The-Anugita-volviii#page/n263/mode/2up |year= 2014|publisher= Routledge (Reprint of the 1910 Original)|isbn= 978-1-317-84920-9|pages= 261-289}} 9. ^{{cite book|author=F. Max Muller|title=The Bhagavadgita with the Sanatsujatiya and the Anugita| url= https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.172907/2015.172907.The-Bhagwadgita-With-The--Sanatsugatiya-And-The-Anugita-volviii#page/n291/mode/2up |year= 2014|publisher= Routledge (Reprint of the 1910 Original)|isbn= 978-1-317-84920-9|pages= 289-291}} 10. ^{{cite book|author=F. Max Muller|title=The Bhagavadgita with the Sanatsujatiya and the Anugita| url= https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.172907/2015.172907.The-Bhagwadgita-With-The--Sanatsugatiya-And-The-Anugita-volviii#page/n313/mode/2up |year= 2014|publisher= Routledge (Reprint of the 1910 Original)|isbn= 978-1-317-84920-9|pages= 311-374}} 11. ^Herman Tieken (2009), Kill and be Killed: The Bhagavadgita and Anugita in the Mahabharata, Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 2 Issue 2 (November), pages 209-228 12. ^{{cite book|author=Max Muller|title=Sacred Books of the East: The Bhagavadgita with the Sanattsugtiya and the Anugita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iyhHAQAAMAAJ |year=1882|publisher=Clarendon Press|pages=325–326}} 13. ^{{cite book|author=Kashinath T Telang|editor=Max Muller|title=The Bhagavadgîtâ: With the Sanatsugâtîya and the Anugîtâ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_igLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA198 |year=1882|publisher=Clarendon Press|pages=198–207}} 14. ^{{cite book|author=F. Max Muller|title=The Bhagavadgita with the Sanatsujatiya and the Anugita|url= https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.172907/2015.172907.The-Bhagwadgita-With-The--Sanatsugatiya-And-The-Anugita-volviii#page/n199/mode/2up |year= 2014|publisher= Routledge (Reprint of the 1910 Original)|isbn=978-1-317-84920-9|pages=197, 201-208}} 15. ^{{cite book|author=F. Max Muller|title=The Bhagavadgita with the Sanatsujatiya and the Anugita|url= https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.172907/2015.172907.The-Bhagwadgita-With-The--Sanatsugatiya-And-The-Anugita-volviii#page/n213/mode/2up |year= 2014|publisher= Routledge (Reprint of the 1910 Original)|isbn=978-1-317-84920-9|pages=212-226}} 16. ^Yaroslav Vassilkov (2002), The Gītā versus the Anugītā: Were Yoga and Sāṃkhya Ever Really One?{{dead link|date=November 2017}}, Epics, Khilas, and Puranas: Continuities and ruptures : proceedings of the Third Dubrovnik International Conference on the Sanskrit Epics and Puranas, pages 221-230, 234-252 Bibliography
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