| 词条 | Anvil firing |
| 释义 |
Anvil firing (also known in the USA as an anvil launching or an anvil shooting[1]) in the USA is the practice of firing an anvil into the air with gunpowder. In the UK, the term refers to a method of testing anvils. Black powder was poured onto the top of the anvil and ignited. If the anvil did not shatter it was deemed safe to use. Typically, two anvils are used: one as a base (placed upside down), and another one (also known as the "flier") as the projectile (placed right-side up, atop the base).[2] Alternatively, a single anvil can be fired from a stone base. The space formed by the anvil's concave base is filled with black powder (not modern gunpowders, which have much higher energy densities) and a fuse is made to project out. The fuse is lit, and the resulting deflagration (the rapid combustion of the powder rather than detonation) sends the projectile anvil several feet into the air. An alternative method is to place the bottom anvil upside down, and fill the hardy hole with black powder. A torus or washer, often made from a playing card, is placed over the hole, with a space for a fuse or powder trail. The top anvil is placed upside down, face to face with the bottom anvil.[3] Anvil firing was once commonly performed in the Southern United States{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} as a substitute for fireworks during celebrations. One such noteworthy celebration was held on the day the state of Texas voted to secede from the Union. On February 23, 1861, Texas Ranger and prominent Union supporter, Thomas Lopton Campbell Jr., was held captive and forced to "fire the anvils" in the streets of Austin.[4] Anvils were also traditionally fired on St. Clement's Day, honoring Pope Clement I, the patron saint of blacksmiths and metalworkers.[5] Although its practice has lessened in recent years,{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} enthusiasts still participate in anvil launching events and competitions. On September 5, 2011, The Science Channel premiered Flying Anvils, a reality television series about anvil firing.[6] DangersIndividuals may be crushed by a falling anvil. The black powder can also prematurely ignite when the top anvil is placed, which can cause black marks on any nearby individuals. As in any case where an explosive is confined on all sides by metal, shrapnel presents a hazard. If a damaged or structurally weak anvil is used, the anvil base may shatter upon ignition. Physics and chemistryThe technique depends on the fact that black powder is a low explosive, which burns more rapidly when under pressure.[7] Historical usesA 21 anvil salute replaced the traditional 21 gun salute on Victoria Day 1860 in New Westminster, British Columbia, after the town's cannon and status as capital of British Columbia was taken away.[8] On November 7, 1864 during the Civil War, the commander of the Iowa Home Guard militia in Davis County, Iowa, having no artillery piece at his disposal, ordered a local citizen to fire an anvil in the county seat at Bloomfield to alert militiamen in outlying townships in response to intelligence received of the presence of Confederate bushwhackers in Davis County. This was in response to a report of two suspected Confederate guerrillas at a residence in the neighborhood where they had demanded money and food and had terrorized the occupants, Mr. and Mrs. Gore. The private citizen who carried out the order to fire the anvil was seriously injured.[9] Sources
References1. ^“Anvil Shooting,” Tennessee Folk Series, Tennessee Arts Commission, The National Education Association and the Public Broadcasting System Radio Series, 1977-79. 2. ^{{cite book |editor1-first=Angie |editor1-last=Cheek |editor2-first=Lacy Hunter |editor2-last=Nix |others=Foxfire Fund |title= The Foxfire 40th anniversary book : faith, family, and the land |url= |year=2006 |publisher= Anchor Books|location= |language= |isbn=978-0-307-27551-6 |oclc= 65538811 |pages=193–196 |chapter=Anvil Shooting |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=PohdYKIXMrYC&pg=PA193&lpg=PA193&dq=%22Anvil+shooting%22+Foxfire&source=bl&ots=OIcxTdEaEv&sig=HMCzEHqZiOd9LsxJiPel-3T_hXo&hl=en&ei=FyanTMaZM4nJnAfJp8jZDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&sqi=2&ved=0CBUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false |quote= }} 3. ^{{cite book |last1= |first1= |authorlink1= |last2= |first2= |authorlink2= |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |editor1-link= |others= |title=A Tennessee folklore sampler : selections from the Tennessee folklore society bulletin, 1935-2009 |url= |accessdate= |type= |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |year= |month= |origyear= |publisher= |location= |language= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages=131 |at= |trans-chapter=|chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= }} 4. ^{{cite book |last=Rockwell |first=Stella Campbell |year=1978 |title=Tumbleweed Treck |chapter=ch. 9, "Boom Of Anvils" |publisher=Enid |location=Oklahoma}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.okehamptonpeople.co.uk/news/Blacksmiths-celebrate-St-Clement-s-Day-Sticklepath-s-Finch-Foundry-November-21st/story-4537589-detail/story.html |title=Blacksmiths celebrate St Clement's Day at Sticklepath's Finch Foundry - November 21st |last1=Short |first1=Walter |date=17 November 2009 |work= |publisher=okehamptonpeople |accessdate=1 October 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416031024/http://www.okehamptonpeople.co.uk/news/Blacksmiths-celebrate-St-Clement-s-Day-Sticklepath-s-Finch-Foundry-November-21st/story-4537589-detail/story.html |archivedate=16 April 2011 }} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://science.discovery.com/tv/flying-anvils/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-01-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128105332/http://science.discovery.com/tv/flying-anvils/ |archivedate=2013-01-28 |df= }} 7. ^{{cite book |last1= Gurstelle|first1= William |authorlink1= William Gurstelle|title= Absinthe & flamethrowers : projects and ruminations on the art of living dangerously |url= |year= 2009 |publisher= Chicago Review Press|location= Chicago |isbn= 978-1-55652-822-4|oclc= 273817829 |doi= }} 8. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.genesreunited.co.uk/boards.asp?wci=thread&tk=1222899 |title=The Anvil Salute |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |work= |publisher=Genes Reunited |accessdate=1 October 2010}} 9. ^Report of Lieutenant Colonel S.A. Moore, Iowa Home Guard, January 1, 1865 in A History of Davis County Iowa, 1886, pp 556–566. External links{{Commons category|Anvil firing}}
|url=http://www.acmeanvils.net |publisher=Acme Anvils |title=Anvil Shooting Site }} 2 : American folklore|Entertainment events |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。