| 词条 | Aokigahara |
| 释义 |
|name =Aokigahara {{smalldiv|{{native name|ja|青木ヶ原|italics=off}} }} |image =Aokigahara and Misaka Mountains.JPG |image_size = |caption =Aokigahara, Misaka Mountains and Saiko Lake seen from Mount Ryu of Tenshi Mountains |map ={{center|{{Superimpose2 | base = Mount Fuji & Fuji Five Lakes Relief Map, SRTM-1.jpg | base_width = 300px | float = Cercle rouge 100%.svg | float_width = 67px | t = Aokigahara | x = 62 | y = 32 | x2 =117 | y2 =160 | t2 = Mount Fuji }}}} |map_size = |map_caption =Location of Aokigahara and Mount Fuji |biogeographic_realm =Palearctic |biome =Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest |area =35 |country = Japan |state = Yamanashi Prefecture |region_type =Prefecture |elevation = |coordinates ={{Coord|35|28|12|N|138|37|11|E|region:JP-19_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=title,inline}} |climate = |soil = |conservation =Relatively stable / Relatively intact |global200 = |habitat_loss = |habitat_loss_ref = |protected = |protected_ref = }}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}{{Nihongo|Aokigahara|青木ヶ原|}}, also known as the {{Nihongo|Sea of Trees|樹海|Jukai}}, is a forest on the northwestern flank of Japan's Mount Fuji thriving on {{convert|30|sqkm|sqmi}} of hardened lava laid down by the last major eruption of Mount Fuji in 864 CE.[1] The western edge of Aokigahara, where there are several caves that fill with ice in winter, is a popular destination for tourists and school trips. Parts of Aokigahara are very dense, and the porous lava absorbs sound, helping to provide visitors with a sense of solitude.[2] The forest has a historical reputation as a home to yūrei: ghosts of the dead in Japanese mythology. In recent years, Aokigahara has become internationally known as "the Suicide Forest", one of the world's most prevalent suicide sites, and signs at the head of some trails urge suicidal visitors to think of their families and contact a suicide prevention association. GeographyThe forest floor mostly consists of volcanic rock which can be difficult to penetrate with hand tools. Since the forest is very dense, in recent years, hikers and tourists trekking through Aokigahara have begun to use plastic tape to mark their paths to avoid getting lost.[3] Designated trails lead to several tourist attractions such as the Narusawa Ice Cave, Fugaku Wind Cave and Lake Sai Bat Cave which are three larger lava caves near Mount Fuji, the ice cave being frozen year-round.[4] The first kilometer of the forest is littered with tape and other rubbish left by tourists, despite officials' attempts to remove it. After the first kilometer into Aokigahara towards Mount Fuji within the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park, the forest is in better condition, with few obvious signs of human presence.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} Aokigahara has been falsely portrayed as a place where navigational compasses go haywire. Needles of magnetic compasses will move if placed directly on the lava, aligning with the rock's natural magnetism, which varies in iron content and strength by location. However, a compass behaves as expected when held at a normal height.[2] The Japan Ground Self-Defense Force has conducted its ranger courses including navigation training in the forest since 1956.[5] Flora and faunaMammals include the Asian black bear,[6] small Japanese mole,[7] bats,[1] mice,[1] deer, fox, boar, wild rabbit, Japanese mink and Japanese squirrel.[8] Birds include great tit, willow tit, long-tailed tit, magerahigara, higera, great spotted woodpecker, pygmy woodpecker, bush warbler, Eurasian jay, Japanese white-eye, Japanese thrush, brown-headed thrush, Siberian thrush, Hodgson’s hawk-cuckoo, Japanese grosbeak, lesser cuckoo, black-faced bunting, oriental turtle dove, and common cuckoo.[8] There are ground beetles and other insects,[1] including many species of butterflies, even in the forest interior Argynnis paphia, Chrysozephyrus smaragdinus, Celastrina argiolus, Celastrina sugitanii, Curetis acuta, Favonius jezoensis, Neptis sappho, Parantica sita and Polygonia c-album are found.[14] The forest has a variety of conifers and broadleaf trees and shrubs including: Chamaecyparis obtusa,[14] Cryptomeria japonica,[16] Pinus densiflora, Pinus parviflora, Tsuga sieboldii, Acer distylum, Acer micranthum, Acer sieboldianum, Acer tschonoskii, Betula grossa, Chengiopanax sciadophylloides (as Acanthopanax sciadophylloides a.k.a. Eleutherococcus sciadophylloides), Clethra barbinervis, Enkianthus campanulatus, Euonymus macropterus, Ilex pedunculosa, Ilex macropoda, Pieris japonica, Prunus jamasakura, Quercus mongolica var. crispula, Rhododendron dilatatum, Skimmia japonica f. repens, Sorbus commixta (as Sorbus americana ssp. japonica) and Toxicodendron trichocarpum (as Rhus trichocarpa).[9] The dominant tree species between 1000 and 1800 metres of altitude is Tsuga diversifolia and from 1800 to 2200 metres is Abies veitchii.[10] Deeper in the forest there are many herbaceous flowering plants including Artemisia princeps,[9] Cirsium nipponicum var. incomptum,[20] Corydalis incisa,[9] Erigeron annuus,[20] Geranium nepalense,[20] Kalimeris pinnatifida,[20] Maianthemum dilatatum,[9] Oplismenus undulatifolius[9] and Reynoutria japonica (syn. Polygonum cuspidatum).[9] There are also the myco-heterotrophic Monotropastrum humile,[8] frequent liverworts,[10] many mosses[10] and many ferns.[8] The forest edges have many more species.[11] SuicidesAokigahara is sometimes referred to as the most popular site for suicide in Japan.[12] In 2003, 105 bodies were found in the forest, exceeding the previous record of 78 in 2002.[13] In 2010, the police recorded more than 200 people having attempted suicide in the forest, of whom 54 completed the act.[14] Suicides are said to increase during March, the end of the fiscal year in Japan.[12] As of 2011, the most common means of suicide in the forest were hanging or drug overdose.[14] In recent years, local officials have stopped publicizing the numbers in an attempt to decrease Aokigahara's association with suicide.[38] The rate of suicide has led officials to place a sign at the forest's entry urging suicidal visitors to seek help and not take their own lives. Annual body searches have been conducted by police, volunteers, and journalists since 1970.[15][16][17] The site's popularity has been attributed to Seichō Matsumoto's 1961 novel Nami no Tō (Tower of Waves).[18][19] However, the history of suicide in Aokigahara predates the novel's publication, and the place has long been associated with death; ubasute may have been practiced there into the nineteenth century, and the forest is reputedly haunted by the yūrei of those left to die.[20] References in media{{Main|Aokigahara in popular culture}}Aokigahara has been referred to in several media including anime and manga, films, video games, literature, and music. It was the subject of a BBC Radio 4 production (first broadcast 10 September 2018) in which four poets traveled to Aokigahara to write and record poetry in the forest. [21] The poets (Arai Takako, Jordan A. Y. Smith, Osaki Sayaka, Yotsumoto Yasuhiro) authored a bilingual (Japanese/English) anthology of the poems and short writings on Aokigahara titled Sea of Trees: Poetic Gateways to Aokigahara (ToPoJo Excursions, 2019).[22] An American playwright of Japanese ancestry, Kristine Haruna Lee, wrote and staged a play, "Suicide Forest" in New York City in March 2019. It addressed suicide in America and Japan, referencing the Aokigahara Forest.[23] References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=https://www.yamanashi-kankou.jp/kokuritsukoen/en/miryoku/aokigaharajukai.html|title=The nature found in the Aokigahara "sea of trees"|publisher=Yamanashi Kankou|accessdate=21 January 2017}} 2. ^1 {{cite news|last=Harrington|first=Patrick|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/18/travel/hiking-aokigahara-forest-japan-mount-fuji-lava.html|title=Hiking in a Forest Born Out of Mount Fuji’s Lava|newspaper=The New York Times|date=22 January 2017|page= TR8}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.asahi.com/english/Herald-asahi/TKY200805020328.html|title=Intruders tangle 'suicide forest' with tape|work=Asahi Svhimbun|date=3 May 2008|accessdate=3 May 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506060315/http://www.asahi.com/english/Herald-asahi/TKY200805020328.html|archivedate=6 May 2008|deadurl=no}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://planetyze.com/en/japan/mount-fuji/narusawa-ice-cave-fugaku-wind-cave/information|title=About Narusawa lce Cave/Fugaku Wind Cave - Mount Fuji Travel Guide|website=Planetyze|language=en|access-date=13 November 2017}} 5. ^{{Cite book|last=Tani|first=Saburō|year=1988|title=Rangers - The Strongest Combatants of the Ground Self Defense Force|publisher=Fusosha Publishing|isbn=978-4594002350|language=Japanese|pages=45-60}} 6. ^{{cite journal|last1=Koike|first1=Shinsuke|last2=Hazumi|first2=Toshihiro|title=Notes on Asiatic black bears denning habits in the Misaka Mountains, central Japan|journal=Ursus|date=2008|volume=19|issue=1|pages=80–84|url=http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_19/Koike_Hazumi_19_1.pdf|accessdate=27 May 2017}} 7. ^{{cite journal|last1=Tsuchiya|first1=Kimiyuki|last2=Suzuki|first2=Hitoshi|last3=Shinohara|first3=Akio|last4=Harada|first4=Masashi|last5=Wakana|first5=Shigeharu|last6=Sakaizumi|first6=Mitsuru|last7=Han|first7=Sang-Hoon|last8=Lin|first8=Liang-Kong|last9=Kryukov|first9=Alexei P|title=Molecular phylogeny of East Asian moles inferred from the sequence variation of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene|journal=Genes & Genetic Systems|date=2000|volume=75|issue=1|pages=17–24|doi=10.1266/ggs.75.17|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ggs/75/1/75_1_17/_pdf|accessdate=27 May 2017}} 8. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Aokigahara "sea of trees" walking course|url=http://www.yamanashi-kankou.jp/kokuritsukoen/en/miryoku/hiking/course3.html|website=Charm of Mt Fuji|publisher=Yamanashi Tourism Organization|accessdate=27 May 2017}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite journal|last1=Kitahara|first1=Masahiko|last2=Watanabe|first2=Maki|title=Diversity and rarity hotspots and conservation of butterfly communities in and around the Aokigahara woodland of Mount Fuji, central Japan|journal=Ecological Research|date=2003|volume=18|issue=5|pages=503–522|doi=10.1046/j.1440-1703.2003.00574.x|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Masahiko_Kitahara/publication/227878773_Diversity_and_rarity_hotspots_and_conservation_of_butterfly_communities_in_and_around_the_Aokigahara_woodland_of_Mount_Fuji_central_Japan/links/02bfe513be747256c9000000.pdf|accessdate=27 May 2017}} 10. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last1=Inoue|first1=Hiroshi|title=Hepaticae of Mt. Fuji, Central Japan|journal=Memoirs of the National Science Museum, Tokyo|date=December 1, 1981|volume=14|pages=59–74|url=http://ci.nii.ac.jp/els/contentscinii_20170528012227.pdf?id=ART0006481447|accessdate=27 May 2017}} 11. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal|last1=Kitahara|first1=Masahiko|last2=Masahiko|first2=Mitsuko|last3=Kobayashi|first3=Takato|title=Relationship of butterfly diversity with nectar plant species richness in and around the Aokigahara primary woodland of Mount Fuji, central Japan|journal=Biodiversity and Conservation|date=2008|volume=17|pages=2713–2734|doi=10.1007/s10531-007-9265-4|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Masahiko_Kitahara/publication/226353289_Relationship_of_butterfly_diversity_with_nectar_plant_species_richness_in_and_around_the_Aokigahara_primary_woodland_of_Mount_Fuji_central_Japan/links/09e41513be4054c405000000.pdf|accessdate=28 May 2017}} 12. ^1 {{cite web| url= http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/03/19/suicide.forrest.japan/|title=Desperate Japanese head to 'suicide forest'|first=Kyung|last=Lah|date=19 March 2009|work=CNN.com/Asia|accessdate= 10 April 2012|quote=Especially in March, the end of the fiscal year, more suicidal people will come here because of the bad economy. It's my dream to stop suicides in this forest, but to be honest, it would be difficult to prevent all the cases here.}} 13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.aokigaharaforest.com|title=Aokigahara forest|date=14 February 2014}} 14. ^1 {{cite news|last=Gilhooly|first=Rob|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2011/06/26/general/inside-japans-suicide-forest/|title=Inside Japan's 'Suicide Forest'|newspaper=Japan Times|date=26 June 2011|page=7|accessdate=9 March 2017}} 15. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/japans-harvest-of-death-635356.html|title=Japan's harvest of 69 death|work=The Independent|location=London|date=24 October 2000|accessdate=3 May 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424021245/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/japans-harvest-of-death-635356.html|archivedate=24 April 2008|deadurl=no}} 16. ^{{cite news|author=Hadfield, Peter|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/1373287/Japan-struggles-with-soaring-death-toll-in-Suicide-Forest.html|title=Japan struggles with 69 soaring death toll in Suicide Forest|work=The Sunday Telegraph|location=London|date=16 June 2001}} 17. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2012/05/09/news/suicide-forest-helps-skew-yamanashis-statistics/|title='Suicide forest' helps skew Yamanashi's statistics|work=Japan Times|date=9 May 2012|page=3|accessdate=9 March 2017}} 18. ^[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2011/06/26/general/inside-japans-suicide-forest/ Inside Japan’s ‘Suicide Forest’] (Japan Times, 2011) 19. ^{{cite book|script-title=波の塔〈下〉(文春文庫): 松本 清張: 本|isbn=978-4167697235|language=Japanese|year=2009|location=Tōkyō|publisher=Bungeishunjū}} 20. ^1 {{cite audio|url=http://www.wnyc.org/story/107979-suicide-forest/|last=Malinovski|first=Pejk|work=Studio 360|publisher=WNYC & PRI|title=Suicide Forest|date=30 January 2009}} 21. ^{{cite web|last1=BBC Radio 4|title=The Art of Now: Atmosfears |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bh431g|website=BBC|accessdate=4 January 2019|ref=BBC Radio 4: Atmosfears}} 22. ^{{cite web|last1=Tokyo Poetry Journal|title=Excursions 2: Sea of Trees|url=https://www.topojo.com/excursions2-sea-of-trees|website=Tokyo Poetry Journal|publisher=ToPoJo Excursions|accessdate=4 January 2019|ref=ToPoJo Excursions}} 23. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/04/theater/suicide-forest-review-bushwick-starr.html?emc=edit_NN_p_20190307&nl=morning-briefing&nlid=72375613p&rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Farts§ion=aBreak&te=1 Laura Collins-Hughes, The New York Times (4 March 2019) A Family Divide Haunts Heart-Rending "Suicide Forest" (accessed 7 March 2019)] External links{{Commons category|Aokigahara}}
7 : Forests of Japan|Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park|Geography of Yamanashi Prefecture|Mount Fuji|Reportedly haunted locations|Suicides in Japan|Tourist attractions in Yamanashi Prefecture |
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