| 词条 | Apalis |
| 释义 |
| name = Apalises | image = Chestnut throated apalis1.jpg | image_caption = Chestnut-throated apalis (Apalis porphyrolaema) | taxon = Apalis | authority = Swainson, 1833 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See species list }} The apalises are small passerine birds belonging to the genus Apalis. They are found in forest, woodlands and scrub across most parts of sub-Saharan Africa.[1] They are slender birds with long tails and have a slender bill for catching insects. They are typically brown, grey or green above and several species have brightly coloured underparts. Males and females are usually similar in appearance but the males are sometimes brighter.[1] The genus was erected by the English naturalist William John Swainson in 1833. The type species is the bar-throated apalis.[2][3] The name Apalis is from the Ancient Greek hapalos meaning "delicate" or "gentle".[4] Apalises were traditionally classified in the Old World warbler family Sylviidae but are now commonly placed, together with several other groups of mainly African warblers, in a separate family Cisticolidae.[5] There are about 24 species of apalis, the exact number varies according to differing authorities. The African tailorbird and long-billed tailorbird were formerly considered to be apalises but are now often placed either with the tailorbirds (Orthotomus) or in their own genus Artisornis.[1] The red-fronted warbler or red-faced apalis has also been moved into a different genus, either Spiloptila or Urorhipis.[6] Further shuffling may be necessary as a recent study[7] found the genus to be polyphyletic with two species (black-collared and Ruwenzori apalis') only distantly related to the other three tested. Future studies may result in further division of the genus. Species listThe genus contains 24 species:[8]
Formerly in Apalis but now moved to Oreolais:[10]
References1. ^1 2 {{cite book | last = Sinclair | first = Ian |author2=Ryan, Peter | title=Birds of Africa south of the Sahara | publisher=Struik | year=2003 | pages = 512, 540 | isbn=1-86872-857-9}} 2. ^{{ cite book | last=Swainson | first=William John | author-link=William John Swainson | year=1833 | title=Zoological Illustrations, or original figures and descriptions of new, rare, or interesting Animals, selected chiefly from the classes of ornithology, entomology, and conchology and arranged according to their apparent affinities | series=Series 2 | volume= Volume 3 | place=London | publisher=Baldwin and Cradock | at=Plate 119 text | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29156244 }} 3. ^{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1986 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=Volume 11 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=154 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483855 }} 4. ^{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn= 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=50 }} 5. ^{{cite web | last = Roberson | first = Don | title = Cisticolas & Allies Cisticolidae | url = http://montereybay.com/creagrus/cisticolas.html | accessdate = 2007-03-29 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070421023042/http://montereybay.com/creagrus/cisticolas.html| archivedate= 21 April 2007 | deadurl= no}} 6. ^{{cite web | last = Lepage | first = Denis | title = Red-faced Apalis (Urorhipis rufifrons) (Rüppell, 1840) | url = http://www.bsc-eoc.org/avibase/avibase.jsp?pg=summary&lang=EN&id=80C6EC01BDB36D0E&ts=1175160286406 | accessdate = 2007-03-29 }} 7. ^{{cite journal|last=Nguembock|first=B|author2=Fjeldså, J.|author3= Tillier, A.|author4= Pasquet, E.|year=2007|title=A phylogeny for the Cisticolidae (Aves: Passeriformes) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data, and a re-interpretation of an unique nest-building specialization|url=|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=42|issue=1|pages=272–286|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.07.008|pmid=16949311}} 8. ^{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2017 | title=Grassbirds, Donacobius, Malagasy warblers, cisticolas & allies | work=World Bird List Version 7.3 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/grassbirds/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=26 August 2017 }} 9. ^{{cite journal|journal=Bird Conservation International|year=2006|volume=16|pages=97–111|doi=10.1017/S0959270906000049|title=The status and habitat of Karamoja Apalis Apalis karamojae in the Wembere Steppe, Sukumaland, Tanzania|last1=Shaw|first1=Philip|last2=Mungaya|first2=Elias|issue=2}} 10. ^{{ cite journal | last1=Nguembock | first1=B. | last2=Fjeldså | first2=J. | last3=Couloux | first3=A.| last4=Cruaud | first4=C. | last5=Pasquet | first5=E. | year=2008 | title=Polyphyly of the genus Apalis and a new generic name for the species pulchra and ruwenzorii | journal=Ibis | volume=150 | issue=4 | pages=756–765 | doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.2008.00852.x }} Further reading
3 : Apalis|Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa|Bird genera |
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