“Apparitor”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In ancient Rome, an apparitor^[1] (also spelled apparator in English, or shortened to paritor) was a civil servant whose salary was paid from the public treasury.^[2] The apparitores assisted the magistrates. There were four occupational grades (decuriae) among them.^[3] The highest of these was the scribae, the clerks or public notaries, followed by the lictores, lictors; viatores, messengers or summoners, that is, agents on official errands; and praecones, announcers or heralds.^[4]

The term has hence referred to a beadle in a university, a pursuivant or herald;^[5] particularly, in Roman Catholic canon law, which was largely inspired by Roman law.

Apparitors (sometimes called summoners) remained officers in ecclesiastical courts. They were designated to serve the summons, to arrest a person accused,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} and in ecclesiastico-civil procedure, to take possession, physically or formally, of the property in dispute, in order to secure the execution of the judge's sentence. This was done in countries where the ecclesiastical forum, in its substantial integrity, is recognized.^[6] He thus acts as constable and sheriff. His guarantee of his delivery of the summons is evidence of the knowledge of his obligation to appear, either to stand trial, to give testimony, or to do whatever else may be legally enjoined by the judge; his statement becomes the basis of a charge of contumacy against anyone refusing to obey summons. Offenses dealt with by such courts included "sins of immorality, witchcraft, usury, simony, neglect of the sacraments, and withholding tithes or offering".^[7]^[8]^[9]

References

1. ^Latin for "a servant of a public official", from apparere, "to attend in public."
2. ^Purcell, N. “The Apparitores: A Study in Social Mobility.” PBSR 51 (1983): 125– 73.
3. ^{{cite book|author=Christopher J. Fuhrmann|title=Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iFkUtPZhzYC&pg=PA62|date=13 December 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-973784-0|pages=62–}}
4. ^Marietta Horster, "Living on Religion: Professionals and Personnel," in A Companion to Roman Religion (Blackwell, 2007), p. 334; Daniel Peretz, "The Roman Interpreter and His Diplomatic and Military Roles," Historia 55 (2006), p. 452.
5. ^{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Apparitor|volume=2|page=210}}
6. ^Apparitor - Catholic Encyclopedia article
7. ^{{cite book|last=Chaucer|first=Geoffrey|title=The prologue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_xKAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA91|accessdate=15 October 2012|year=1903|publisher=Macmillan|page=91}}
8. ^Clarence Griffin Child Selections from Chaucer: Including His Earlier and Later Verse - 1912 A Summoner was an ecclesiastical officer whose duty it was to detect offenses against the ecclesiastical law and bring the offenders before the ecclesiastical ...
9. ^Maynard Mack - The Age of Chaucer 1961 -- Page 4 "A summoner was a minor church official connected with ecclesiastical courts. At this period the church was supported by tithes, or taxes levied on all parishioners and enforced by the penalty of excommunication (which involved subsequent imprisonment) — a penalty Chaucer's Parson was loath to invoke. Summonses could be issued (as the Friar's Tale implies) for other offenses, including fornication. Pardoners were traveling preachers who also sold saints' relics and indulgences .