“Arcangues”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Arcangues ({{Lang-eu|Arrangoitze}}) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of southwestern France in what was formerly the Basque province of Labourd.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Arcanguais or Arcanguaises^[1]^[2] or Arrangoiztar in basque.^[3]

Geography

Location

Arcangues belongs to the urban area of Bayonne and is located some 10 km south by south-west of Bayonne, 8 km south-east of Biarritz, and 6 km north-west of Ustaritz.

Access

The A63 autoroute passes through the northern tip of the commune with the nearest exit being Exit {{Motorway exit|4}} to the west of the commune but the slightly farther Exit {{Motorway exit|5}} to the east connects directly to the D3 road which passes south through the commune and the village to Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle. There is also the D755 which branches off the D3 in the north of the commune and continues south through the west of the commune to join the D255 on the commune's south-western border. The D933 road from Anglet to Ustaritz also passes through the eastern tip of the commune with a roundabout linking to country roads in the commune.^[4]

Hydrography

Located in the Drainage basin of the Adour, the commune is traversed^[5] by numerous streams including the Uhabia, a small coastal river, and its tributary the Alotz stream whose tributary the Amestpoya passes through the village and whose many other tributaries cover the whole commune. In the east the Barbarako Erreka flows north to join the Harriet, a tributary of the Nive.

Places and hamlets

Toponymy

Jean-Baptiste Orpustan^[17] proposed a joining of the basque words ar-gain, meaning "high rock", and -goiz meaning "an open position facing east" which results in the compound meaning "high rocks facing east".

The following table details the origins of the commune name and other names in the commune.

History

The lordship of Arcangues has been mentioned since the 12th century.^[21] Sanche d'Arcangues^[9] and Aner de Archangos were cited as witnesses or guarantors of real estate transactions between 1150 and 1170.

The beginning of the 16th century in Labourd was marked by the appearance of the plague. The Gascon registers^[12] track its expansion. on 8 February 1517 the plague was reported in Arcangues.

The office of King's Prosecutor belonged to the Arcangues family from the 17th century. Also Laurent, Lord and patron of Arcangues, Curutcheta, and Elissagaray was prosecutor of the Bailiwick of Labourd from 1614 to 1643.^[13] His son Jean d'Arcangues received the office of King's Prosecutor by letters patent of Louis XIII of 4 July 1643. Pierre d'Arcangues continued in the office from 1670 to 1692. Finally Squire Gaspard d'Arcangues, Lord and patron of Arcangues and Curutcheta was the last family member to hold the office from 15 April 1714 to 1749.

Squire Michel d'Arcangues, Lord and patron of Arcangues and Curutcheta, baptised at Bayonne on 17 October 1719, captain of the provincial militia of Labourd, married to Rose d'Aragorri (1722-1758), by which the title of Spanish Marquis of Iranda^[14] passed to their son Nicolas François Xavier d'Arcangues (Arcangues, 1753 - Saint-Pierre-d'Irube 1826). Rights to this title was authorized in France for life in April 1781 by letters patent of Louis XVI.

Michel Louis d'Arcangues (San Sebastian, 1790 - Bayonne, 1868) was the fourth Spanish Marquis of Iranda, Mayor of Arcangues for forty years and General Counsel for Basses-Pyrénées.

His eldest son, Alexis d'Arcangues (Bayonne, 1821 - Saint-Pierre-d'Irube 1877), succeeded him. He was mayor of Villefranque then Arcangues and General Counsel for Basses-Pyrénées.

Miguel Marie (Bayonne, 1857 - Arcangues, 1915), the 6th Spanish Marquis of Iranda, succeeded him.

Pierre d'Arcangues, born 12 April 1886 in Paris and died on 22 May 1973 in Arcangues, the 7th Marquis, was a poet and novelist and the father of Guy d'Arcangues, the 8th Marquis of Iranda, Viscount of Ascubea, and writer, who wrote in particular Les Tambours de Septembre (The Drums of September).

The home to the Marquis d'Arcangues, the Chateau of Arcangues, was used as the Duke of Wellington's headquarters during the December 1813 Battle of the Nive in the Peninsular War. During the German occupation of France in World War II, the Nazis used the chateau as headquarters for its local troops.

The French Thoroughbred racehorse Arcangues, who was given the village's name, won the 1993 Breeders' Cup Classic at Santa Anita Park in Arcadia, California.

Heraldry

Administration

Inter-communality

Demography

In 2009 the commune had 3,116 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.^[16]

Economy

The town is part of the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) zone designation of Ossau-iraty.

ETPM (Multiple Public Works Company) is an independent French company based in Arcangues whose main activity is the execution of works for electrical and telecommunication networks.

Culture and Heritage

The shutters of a Basque house, made with solid wood slats, are painted the same colour as the other wooden parts of the facades or framing. They are generally in a dark red called "basque red". There has also been, since the 19th century, a very dark blue - a kind of Prussian blue - and a "deep" dark green also as well as sometimes a very light gray. At Arcangues the Marquis, Pierre d'Arcangues, introduced a lighter blue, which has retained the name Blue of Arcangues.

Languages

According to the Map of the Seven Basque Provinces by Prince Louis-Lucien Bonaparte (1863), the Basque dialect spoken in Arcangues is Northern High Navarrese. However, the classification has changed. With new methodological criteria, the Basque dialectology has grown considerably in recent years and, according to the latest work by the philologist Koldo Zuazo, the Basque dialect used in Arcangues is Navarro-labourdin with an east-west sub-dialect. It is an intermediate sub-dialect combining the Navarro-labourdin sub-dialect of the east and the west.^[17]

Until then not to be educated or to be illiterate was not a problem in the Basque Country. The inhabitants had their oral culture and that was enough to satisfy their needs. This lifestyle change radically in the 20th century and French replaced Basque in the general population since literacy was more useful in the dominant language. Then, in the late 1960s, a standard Basque was taught.^[18] It in no way replaced the local dialect but had the objective to integrate all formal sectors such as radio, television, print, Internet, research, teaching, literature, administration, etc. In informal areas, however, the dialect is still used, especially in areas where there are native Basque speakers. Despite all these changes it seems that, in the medium term, the navarro-labourdin dialect may disappear with its speakers and be replaced by a unified language: batua.^[19]

Civil heritage

Religious heritage

Environmental heritage

Part of the territory of the commune belongs to the regional natural reserve of Errota Handia managed by the Academy of Natural Areas of Aquitaine who also manage the Chouroumillas (Xurrumilatx) Pond: a wetland located in the north-west of the commune.

Amenities

Other than the Lau-herri Society for Basque pelota, from where the professional champion Simon Haran originated, community life is organized around the Emak-Hor society which has rugby, handball, gymnastics, marching band, a male chorus (Adixkideak) and a folk group. The Golf course between Arcangues and Arbonne has safeguarded the environmental heritage of the town.

Notable people linked to the commune

See also

Notes

1. ^Inhabitants of Pyrénées-Atlantiques {{Fr icon}}
2. ^Brigitte Jobbé-Duval, Dictionary of place names - Pyrénées-Atlantiques, 2009, Archives and Culture, {{ISBN|978-2-35077-151-9}} {{Fr icon}}
3. ^¹Euskaltzaindia - Academy of the Basque language (Basque)
4. ^[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Arcangues,+France/@43.4261219,-1.50788,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0xd513e309ec3d78b:0x40665174813ad50 Google Maps]
5. ^Sandre Notice on Arcangues, Sandre {{Fr icon}}
6. ^¹Jean-Baptiste Orpustan, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ie-LeqGXat8C&pg=PA190&dq=isbn:2867813964+arcangues&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=RxVkVNSrJ4bVmgWs54HQDA&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=isbn%3A2867813964%20arcangues&f=false New Basque Toponymy], Presses universitaires de Bordeaux, 2006, p. 31 {{ISBN|2 86781 396 4}} {{Fr icon}}
7. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰[https://books.google.com/books?id=2TCHmbiipFIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees], Paul Raymond, Imprimerie nationale, 1863, Digitised from Lyon Public Library 15 June 2011 {{Fr icon}}
8. ^E. Goyheneche, Basque Country, Pau, 1979 {{Fr icon}}
9. ^¹Manuscript from the 14th century in the Departmental Archives of Pyrénées-Atlantiques {{Fr icon}}
10. ^Chapter of Bayonne in the Departmental Archives of Pyrénées-Atlantiques {{Fr icon}}
11. ^Manuscripts from the 17th and 18th centuries in the Departmental Archives of Pyrénées-Atlantiques {{Fr icon}}
12. ^Gascon Registers, Vol. 1, pages 44, 53, 141, 154, 158-159, 195, and 233 - cited by Manex Goyhenetche in his General History of Basque Country, Vol. 3, Elkarlanean, 2001, {{ISBN|2 9131 5634 7}}, pages 42 and 43. {{Fr icon}}
13. ^Bulletin of the Society of Sciences, Letters and Arts of Bayonne, 1921, No. 3-4, p. 166 and following. {{Fr icon}}
14. ^Maison d'Iranda (House of Iranda) (or Irandatz) of Hendaye, cited by Arcangues - under the direction of Hubert Lamant-Duhart, Ekaina, 1986, page 55 {{Fr icon}}
15. ^List of Mayors of France
16. ^At the beginning of the 21st century, the methods of identification have been modified by [https://web.archive.org/web/20130514005038/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000593100&fastPos=1&fastReqId=2036940488&categorieLien=cid&oldAction=rechTexte Law No. 2002-276 of 27 February 2002] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306074946/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000593100 |date=6 March 2016 }}, the so-called "law of local democracy" and in particular Title V "census operations" allows, after a transitional period running from 2004 to 2008, the annual publication of the legal population of the different French administrative districts. For communes with a population greater than 10,000 inhabitants, a sample survey is conducted annually, the entire territory of these communes is taken into account at the end of the period of five years. The first "legal population" after 1999 under this new law came into force on 1 January 2009 and was based on the census of 2006.
17. ^{{eu}} Atlas of Basque dialects {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920173619/http://www2.elkarlanean.com/euskalkiak/pdfak/EuskalkiakA3.pdf |date=2008-09-20 }} published by Koldo Zuazo.
18. ^The standardisation of the language: The recovery of the Basque language II {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223035350/http://www.garabide.org/irudiak/gar_frantzesa%281%29.pdf |date=2014-02-23 }} A book from the association Garabide Elkartea based at Durango (Biscay), coordinator: Alberto Barandiaran, Gertu, {{ISBN|978-84-613-6836-5}} {{Fr icon}}.
19. ^The experience of basque: keys for linguistic recovery and identity {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817011704/http://www.garabide.org/irudiak/L'EXP%C3%89RIENCE%20du%20Basque.pdf |date=2011-08-17 }} A book from the association Garabide Elkartea based at Durango (Biscay), coordinator: Lore Agirrezabal Pertusa, Gertu, {{ISBN|978-84-613-6642-2}}. The work covers mainly the history of Basque and different actions carried out for its recovery. {{Fr icon}}
20. ^Ministry of Culture, Mérimée {{Mérimée|PA00084312|PA00084312 Chateau of Arcangues}} {{Fr icon}}
21. ^according to Jean de Jaurgain, a Basque historian from the 19th century, cited in Arcangues, Under the direction of Hubert Lamant-Duhart, Ekaina, 1986, page 48 {{Fr icon}}
22. ^Ministry of Culture, Mérimée {{Mérimée|PA64000001|PA64000001 Estate of the Villa Berriotz}} {{Fr icon}}
23. ^Ministry of Culture, Mérimée {{Mérimée|PA00084313|PA00084313 Bell Tower}} {{Fr icon}}{{Camera}}
24. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶Arcangues, Under the direction of Hubert Lamant-Duhart, Ekaina, 1986 {{Fr icon}}