1. Production

2. History
    Background  Foundation and growth in Soviet Union   Post Ukrainian independence   First privatization, 2004  2005, Second privatisation and ArcelorMittal 

3. See also

4. References
    Sources 

5. External links

Novokrivorozhsky HZK (Новокриворізький ГЗК (НК ГЗК))
Kryvyi Rih State Mining and Metallurgical Combine ("Krivorizhstal") (Криворізького державного гірничо-металургійного комбінату "Криворіжсталь")
"Krivorizky Coking plant" (Криворізький коксохімічний завод (ККХЗ))

Kryvorizhstal ({{lang-uk|Криворіжсталь}}, officially ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih) is Ukraine's largest integrated steel company located in the Ukrainian city of Kryvyi Rih.

Bought in 2005 by Mittal Steel, the company is one of the most important businesses in Ukraine and a globally important steel producer. It is the largest steel manufacturer in Ukraine and largest manufacturer of both reinforcing bar and wire rod in the former Soviet Union. The company also produces processed iron ore concentrates for both own use and market.

In 2004, Kryvorizhstal produced over 7 million tonnes of crude steel, and mined over 17 million tonnes of iron ore.^[1] As of 2005, the company employed about 57,000 people, which was reduced to 37,000 by 2011.

DTEK was Ukraine's largest private company by revenue, however due to separatists taking over its facilities in the War in Donbass ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih is now the largest private company by revenue in the country.^[2]

Production

Located fully in Kryvyi Rih, Kryvorizhstal is the largest and most up-to-date steel company in the Kryvbas region (as well as in the whole Ukraine). It was built as an integrated mining and metallurgy plant ({{lang-uk|комбінат}}, kombinat), comprising:

• iron ore mines
• ore processing factories
• coke-processing, oxygen and other auxiliary metallurgical facilities
• metal fusion workshops of different types
• metal-rolling workshops

In 2010 installed capacity was for over 10 million tonnes iron (blast furnace), 8.5 million tonnes steel (oxygen converter), with a blooming mill capacity of 10 million tonnes, and section and wire rod hot rolling facilities of 4.2 and 1.9 million tonnes respectively.^[5] ArcelorMittal's iron ore mines in Kryvih Riy, Ukraine had an output of 10 million tonnes, of which 90% was open cast.^[5]

As of 2011 the plant's primary production is hot rolled long steel products including strip (4-10mm thick, 20-75mm width), square (10-22mm) and hexagonal (16-27mm) rod, L angle sections (3-6mm thick, width 20-45mm), round rod (10-32mm) and wire (5.5-14mm) and rebar (5.5-28mm). Also produced is cast iron (~4% carbon), steel billet (8 to 15 cm square cross section). Also produced are slag, quicklime, coke and byproducts from coke production including raw benzene, coal tar and ammonia, as well as nitrogen, oxygen, argon, krypton, and neon-helium gases.^[3][4] The company's main export markets are the CIS, Middle East, west and north Africa, and the Balkans.^[5]

History

Background

The presence of iron ore in the regions around Kryvyi Rih has been known since at least 1781 and was rumoured before;^[1] being known to the ancients.^[6] Throughout the 1800s the region was investigated for its mineral wealth. Iron ore of 70% iron content and manganese ores were found. In 1881 the industrial extraction of iron ore from the near region began, alongside other developments such as the construction of the Kryvyi Rih railway. By 1884 over 100,000 tons of iron ore had been extracted, and the railway though Kryvyi Rih (the Yekateryninska railway), 477 versts (505,6 km) long, from Yasynuvata station via Kryvyi Rih to Dolynska station had been opened.^[7] The production expanded rapidly in the next years, as it did in other industrialized regions and countries. By 1896 there were 20 mines producing over 1,000,000 tonnes of ore in the Kryvyi Rih Basin, and the population had exploded though the toll on the health of the working men had begun to be noticed.^[7] Industrial expansion continued in the region up to 1917. Production dropped during the first world war due to lack of labour.^[7]

Foundation and growth in Soviet Union

After the formation of the Soviet Union and the expulsion of Austro-Hungarian forces and then anti-communist forces under Anton Denikin occupying the region relative normalcy was resumed.^[7] Planning for the plant began in 1929, with the intention being to produce an integrated steel plant taking iron ore and carbon all the way to finished steel products.^[8] In 1931 the chairman of the Supreme Economic Council of the USSR - Grigori (Sergo) Ordzhonikidze signed a decree ordering its construction^[2] and the same year the foundation stone of the metallurgical works was laid, workers included prison labourers, and initially German and Americans as well. In August 1934 the first metal was produced at Kryvorizhstal;^[7] then known as 'Kryvyi Rih Metallurgical Works' (криворожский металлургический комбинат)^[9]

Before the onset second world war the works operated 3 blast furnaces (of 3,160m³) and 2 open hearth furnaces along with a heat and power plant, in 1941 a blooming mill of 1.7 million tonnes p.a. and a fourth blast furnace and a third open hearth furnace came on line shortly before nazi occupation.^[10]

Prior to occupation by German military forces equipment and workers were evacuated to Nizhny Tagil.^[10] During the German administration (from the 14th of August 1941 to the 22nd of February 1944^[7]), the plant was destroyed.,^[11]

After the recapture of the area the complex was rebuilt, and continued to grow again; blast furnace No.7 was built in 1962, in 1970 blast furnace No.8 was built making the plant the largest in Europe, and in 1974 blast furnace No.9 was opened^[7] the biggest in the world with a volume of 5000m³.^[12]

Post Ukrainian independence

In 1996, restructuring took place, combining the mining and ore concentrating unit Novokrivorozhsky HZK (Новокриворізький ГЗК (НК ГЗК)) (NK-HZK) with the Kryvyi Rih State Mining and Metallurgical Combine ("Krivorozhstal") (Криворізького державного гірничо-металургійного комбінату "Криворіжсталь") into one unit. The Krivorozhsky coking plant^[13] (Криворізький коксохімічний завод (ККХЗ)) was included in the group in 1997,^[12] forming the "Novokrivorozhsky mining and processing combine and Kryvyi Rih coking plant" (Новокриворізький гірничо-збагачувальний комбінат і Криворізький коксохімічний завод «Криворіжсталь») or simply "Kryvoriszhstal". Technically this was simply a paper exercise, the three units had been always been designed to work in concert, and the factory facilities were on the same site.^[14]

In 2004 the organisation became a public company and was privatised.^[12]

First privatization, 2004

Kryvorizhstal became internationally known when it was privatized in June 2004 for a sum of US $800 million,^[15][31] (4.26 billion Hryvnia.^[16]) against a government-set reserve price of $714 million,^[17] to a consortium called Investment-Metallurgical Union. This consortium included Rinat Akhmetov's SCM and Interpipe Group,^[16] controlled by then-President Kuchma's son-in-law Viktor Pinchuk.^[18] Higher offers from foreign investors including a joint bid from Severstal/Arcelor, and a bid from Tata Steel were rejected on bidding technicalities.^[19] The deal was widely criticized by the opposition and abroad as an example of corruption and state property mismanagement.^[18]

By initiative of the new President Viktor Yushchenko, the privatization deal was dismissed by the court in June 2005, in order to sell the company again in a fair auction.^[18]

2005, Second privatisation and ArcelorMittal

At the time of the second privatisation the company had yearly sales of $1897 million with a net profit of $378 million, and cash of $413 million; the plant had a production capacity of ~10 million tonnes of raw steel, and rolling capacity for under 7 million tonnes, and was able to source most of its requirements for iron ore and coke locally.^[20] The bidding process was broadcast live on Ukrainian television,^[18] with Arcelor, Mittal Steel and Vadim Novinsky's Smart Holdings bidding - Mittal Steel was the highest bidder and acquired a 93.02 percent stake in Kryvorizhstal on October 24, 2005, for 24.2 billion Hryvnia (US$4.81 billion)^[18] - Mittal Steel was expected to finance the acquisition from its own cash reserves and from a $3 billion loan arranged with UK based Citigroup. The price exceeded analyst predictions of $3 billion,^[20] making it the largest privatization deal in the former Soviet Union.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}

In 2006 the company was renamed "Mittal Steel Kryvyi Rih"^[21] (Ukrainian : ВАТ «Міттал Стіл Кривий Ріг»), later in 2007 after the takeover of Arcelor by Mittal steel to form ArcelorMittal the company was renamed Arcelor Mittal Kryvyi Rih.^[22]

However, there were some conditional commitments for sale the agreement that had to be fulfilled by Mittal Steel, such as technical and environmental improvements to the installation (upgrading the coking plants and desulfurisation), as well as social improvements (the allocation of funds to improve social and living conditions of workers at 0.5% of the sum of the sold products per year).^[23] On 14 July 2008, the Ukrainian Property Fund has sent the Ukrainian government a letter informing it about several investment commitments that were not fulfilled in 2007 by Mittal Steel Germany GmbH and asks the International Arbitrary Court at the Commercial Chamber of Ukraine^[24] to decide on the annulment of this agreement.^[23][25][26] In May 2009 an amendment to the original contract was signed allowing temporary delays to agreed contractual investments under force majeure circumstances.^[27] The case was dropped in October 2010 by the government prosecutor.^[28] The temporary force majeure exemption clause was terminated in October 2011.^[29]

During the late-2000s financial crisis steel production decreased from 8.1 million tonnes in 2007,^[30] to 6.2 million tonnes in 2008,^[31] and to 5 million tonnes in 2009,^[32] with decreases in other production metrics, as well as revenues, with the business making a net loss of 120million UAH in 2009 (from a profit of 4.7 billion UAH in 2008).^[33] Production levels recovered to 2008 values in 2010.^[34][35]

In June 2010 the installation began of the first continuous casting machine at the plant.^[36] Siemens VAI supplied the six strand billet caster which is expected to have a production capacity of over 1.2 million tonnes p.a. of 150mm x 150mm billets.^[37][38]

By 2011 staffing levels had been reduced from 55,000 (at acquisition) to 37,000, high by global standards - the management hoped to reduce the number of workers to approximately 15,000 over a decade to increase competitiveness.^[39]

See also

• List of steel producers

References

Sources

• {{citation|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/direct/ukraine/9442123.stm|title= Testing the mettle of Ukraine's steel city|publisher= BBC World News|work = news.bbc.co.uk|author = Dan Stern}}

External links

• Official site http://ukraine.arcelormittal.com
• Photos of Coking Plant, Blast Furnace No.9, Iron Ore Strip Mine and Blooming Mill.

• Eileen Donaghy
• Eileen Donahoe
• Eileen Drewery
• Eileen Edna Power
• Eileen Ellison
• Eileen Ermita-Buhain
• Eileen Favorite
• Eileen Fearnley Whittingstall
• Eileen Filler-Corn
• Eileen Fisher, Inc.
• Eileen Fisher Inc
• Eileen Fisher, Inc
• Eileen Fisher Inc.
• Eileen Flockhart
• Eileen Flynn
• Eileen Galido
• Eileen Garber
• Eileen Garber Buckholtz
• Eileen Glisan
• Eileen Growald
• Eileen Hall
• Eileen Hall Lake
• Eileen Harsaw
• Eileen Hickey
• Eileen Hoats