| 词条 | Archduke Maximilian Francis of Austria |
| 释义 |
|name=Archduke Maximilian Francis |title=Archbishop-Elector of Cologne |image=Erzherzog Maximilian Franz of Austria.jpg |birth_date={{Birth date|1756|12|8|df=y}} |birth_place=Hofburg Imperial Palace, Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire[1] |death_date={{Death date and age|1801|7|26|1756|12|8|df=y}} |death_place=Hetzendorf Palace, Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire[1] |burial_place=Imperial Crypt, Vienna | full name = English: Maximilian Francis Xavier Joseph John Anthony German: Maximilian Franz Xaver Josef Johann Anton |father=Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor |mother=Maria Theresa of Austria |house=House of Habsburg-Lorraine }} Archduke Maximilian Francis of Austria (Maximilian Franz Xaver Joseph Johann Anton de Paula Wenzel, 8 December 1756 in Vienna – 26 July 1801 in Vienna) was Archbishop and Elector Spiritual of Cologne (and as such Chancellor of the Holy Roman Empire for Italy), and Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights. He was the youngest child of the Habsburg ruler of Austria, Maria Theresa, and her husband, Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, for whom he was named. His siblings included emperors Joseph II and Leopold II, the Sicilian queen Maria Carolina, and the French queen Marie Antoinette. He was the last fully functioning Elector of Cologne and the second employer and patron of the young Ludwig van Beethoven. BiographyMaximilian Francis was born in the Hofburg Palace, Vienna. In 1780, he succeeded his uncle Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine as Hochmeister (Grand Master) of the Deutscher Orden (Teutonic Knights). In 1784, he became Archbishop and Elector of Cologne, living in the Electoral residence at Bonn. He remained in that office until his death in exile. In his capacity as chancellor of the Holy Roman Empire for Italy and as the Pope's deputy he crowned as Emperor in Frankfurt first his brother Leopold II in 1790, and in 1792 his nephew Francis II. At the same time as he became Elector of Cologne, Maximilian Francis was elected to the related Bishopric of Münster and held court in Bonn, as the Archbishop-Electors of Cologne had been forced to do since the late Middle Ages. A keen patron of music, Maximilian Francis maintained a court musical establishment in which Beethoven's father was a tenor, thus playing an important role in the son's early career as a member of the same musical body of which his grandfather, also named Ludwig van Beethoven, had been Kapellmeister. The court organist, Christian Gottlob Neefe, was Beethoven's early mentor and teacher. Recognising his young pupil's gift both as a performer and as a composer, Neefe brought Beethoven to the court, advising Maximilian Francis to appoint him as assistant organist. Maximilian Francis, too, recognised the extraordinary abilities of the young Beethoven. In 1787, he gave Beethoven leave to visit Vienna to become a pupil of Mozart, but the visit was cut short by news of the last illness of Beethoven's mother, and evidence is lacking for any contact with Mozart. In 1792, shortly after Mozart's death, Maximilian again sent Beethoven on full salary to Vienna to study under Joseph Haydn, Antonio Salieri and others. The Elector maintained an interest in the young Beethoven's progress, and several reports from Haydn to Maximilian detailing it are extant. The prince anticipated that Beethoven would return to Bonn and continue working for him, but due to the subsequent political and military situation his subject never returned, choosing to pursue a career in Vienna. Maximilian Francis's rule over most of the Electorate ended in 1794, when his domains were overrun by the troops of Revolutionary France. During the French Revolutionary Wars, Cologne and Bonn were both occupied by the French army in the second half of 1794. As the French approached, Maximilian Francis left Bonn, as it turned out never to return, and his territories on the left bank of the Rhine eventually passed to France under the terms of the Treaty of Lunéville (1801). The Archbishop's court ceased to exist. Although Maximilian Francis still retained his territories on the right bank of the Rhine, including Münster and the Duchy of Westphalia, the Elector, grotesquely corpulent and plagued by ill health, took up residence in Vienna after the loss of his capital and remained there until his death at the age of 45, at Hetzendorf Palace in 1801. The dismantling of the court made Beethoven's relocation to Vienna permanent, and his stipend was terminated. Beethoven planned to dedicate his First Symphony to his former patron, but the latter died before it was completed. The Electorate of Cologne was abolished by a law of the Holy Roman Empire of 1803. In conspiracy theories, such as the one promoted in The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, Maximilian Francis was alleged to be the 22nd Grand Master of the Priory of Sion. Ancestry{{ahnentafel|collapsed=yes |align=center |ref=[2] |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |1= 1. Archduke Maximilian Franz of Austria |2= 2. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor |3= 3. Maria Theresa of Austria |4= 4. Leopold, Duke of Lorraine |5= 5. Élisabeth Charlotte of Orléans |6= 6. Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor |7= 7. Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick |8= 8. Charles V, Duke of Lorraine |9= 9. Eleanor of Austria |10= 10. Philippe I, Duke of Orléans |11= 11. Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate |12= 12. Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor |13= 13. Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg |14= 14. Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel |15= 15. Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen |16= 16. Nicholas II, Duke of Lorraine |17= 17. Claude Françoise of Lorraine |18= 18. Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor |19= 19. Eleonora Gonzaga |20= 20. Louis XIII of France |21= 21. Anne of Austria |22= 22. Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine |23= 23. Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel |24= 24. Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (= 18) |25= 25. Maria Anna of Austria |26= 26. Philip William, Elector Palatine |27= 27. Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt |28= 28. Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel |29= 29. Elisabeth Juliana of Schleswig-Holstein |30= 30. Albert Ernest I, Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen |31= 31. Christine Friederike of Württemberg }} References1. ^1 {{cite book|last=Hamann|first=Brigitte|title=Habsburkové: životopisná encyklopedie|publisher=Brána|location=Prague|year=1996|edition=1st|pages=408|isbn=80-85946-19-X |language=Czech}} 2. ^{{cite book|title=Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans| trans-title=Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1|year=1768|publisher=Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel|location=Bourdeaux|language=fr|page=1}}
External links{{Commonscat-inline|Archduke Maximilian Franz of Austria}}{{s-start}}{{s-hou|House of Habsburg-Lorraine|8 December|1756 in Vienna|26 July|1801 in Hetzendorf|}}{{s-rel|ca}}{{s-reg}}{{s-bef |before=Maximilian Friedrich von Königsegg-Rothenfels}}{{s-ttl |title=Archbishop-Elector of CologneDuke of Westphalia Prince-Bishop of Münster|years=1784–1801 }}{{s-aft |after=Archduke Anton Victor of Austria }}{{s-break}}{{s-bef|before=Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine }}{{s-ttl |title=Grand Master of the Teutonic Order |years=1780–1801 }}{{s-aft |after=Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen }}{{s-end}}{{Austrian archdukes}}{{Tuscan princes}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Maximilian Franz Of Austria, Archduke}} 12 : 1756 births|1801 deaths|People from Vienna|Archbishop-Electors of Cologne|Austrian Roman Catholics|Prince-Bishops of Münster|Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order|House of Habsburg-Lorraine|Knights of the Golden Fleece|Knights of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary|People from Innere Stadt|Austrian princes |
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