| 词条 | Argaric culture |
| 释义 |
The Argaric culture, named from the type site El Argar near the town of Antas, in what is now the province of Almería in southeastern Spain, is an Early Bronze Age culture which flourished between c. 2200 BC and 1550 BC.[1] The Argaric culture was characterised by its early adoption of bronze, which briefly allowed this tribe local dominance over other, Copper Age peoples.[2] El Argar also developed sophisticated pottery and ceramic techniques, which they traded with other Mediterranean tribes. The center of this civilization is displaced to the north and its extension and influence is clearly greater than that of its ancestor. Their mining and metallurgy were quite advanced, with bronze, silver and gold being mined and worked for weapons and jewelry. Pollen analysis in a peat deposit in the Cañada del Gitano basin high in the Sierra de Baza suggests that the Argaric exhausted precious natural resources, helping bring about its own ruin.[3] The deciduous oak forest that covered the region's slopes were burned off, leaving a tell-tale carbon layer, and replaced by the fire-tolerant, and fire-prone, Mediterranean scrub familiar under the names garrigue and maquis.[4][5]ExtensionThe civilization of El Argar extended to all the province of Almería, north onto the central Meseta, to most of the land of (Murcia) and westwards into the provinces of Granada and Jaen.[7] Its cultural and possibly political influence was much wider, clearly influencing eastern and southwestern Iberia (Algarve), and possibly other regions as well. Some authors have suggested that El Argar was a unified state.[2] Main Argaric towns
PeriodizationThe culture of El Argar has traditionally been divided in two phases, named A and B. El Argar AThis phase started in the 18th century BC, with the earliest calibrated C-14 dates pointing to the first half or this century:
El Argar BThis phase begins in the 16th century BC. The main C-14 date is that of 1550 BC (+/- 70 years) in Fuente Álamo for the upper layer of El Argar B2 (with four layers underneath the lowest B phase). Other stratigraphic dates are somewhat more recent but are not confirmed by C-14. Post-Argarian phaseEl Argar B ends in the 14th or 13th century BC, giving way to a less homogeneous post-Argarian culture. Again Fuente Álamo gives the best C-14 dating with 1330 BC (+/- 70 years). Recent trendsMany more C-14 dates have been published since the beginning of the 21st century. In recent publications, at least 260 such dates are cited altogether. There's now a widespread consensus that the emergence of El Argar can be dated at 2200 cal BC, although its end is still somewhat disputed. Various opinions place the end of El Argar at 15th-14th centuries.[8] Material cultureMetallurgyEl Argar is the center of the Early and Middle Bronze Age in Iberia. Metallurgy of bronze and pseudo-bronze (alloyed with arsenic instead of tin). Weapons are the main metallurgic product: knives, halberds, swords, spear and arrow points, and big axes of curved edge are all abundant, not just in the Argaric area but also elsewhere in Iberia. Silver is also exploited, while gold, which had been abundant in the Chalcolithic period, becomes less common. Glass beadsA meaningful element are the glass beads (of blue, green and white colors) that are found in this culture and which have been related with similar findings in Egypt (Amarna), Mycenaean Greece (dated in the 14th century BC), the British Wessex culture (dated c. 1400 BC) and some sites in France. Nevertheless, some of these beads are already found in chalcolithic contexts (site of La Pastora) which has brought some to speculate on an earlier date for the introduction of this material in southeast Iberia (late 3rd millennium BC). Other manufactured goodsPottery undergoes important changes, almost totally abandoning decoration and with new types. Textile manufacture seems important, working specially with wool and flax. Basket-making also seems to have been important, showing greater extent and diversification than in previous periods. Funerary customsThe collective burial tradition typical of European Megalithic Culture is abandoned in favor of individual burials. The tholos is abandoned in favour of small cists, either under the homes or outside. This trend seems to come from the Eastern Mediterranean, most likely from Mycenaean Greece (skipping Sicily and Italy, where the collective burial tradition remains for some time yet). From the Argarian civilization, these new burial customs will gradually and irregularly extend to the rest of Iberia. In the phase B of this civilization, burial in pithoi (large jars) becomes most frequent (see: Jar-burials). Again this custom (that never reached beyond the Argarian circle) seems to come from Greece, where it was used after. ca 2000 BC. Related cultures
See also
Notes1. ^{{cite journal|last=Lull|first=Vicente|author2=R. Micó |author3=Cristina Rihuete Herrada |author4=Roberto Risch |title=El Argar and the Beginning of Class Society in the Western Mediterranean|journal=Archäologie in Eurasien|date=2011|volume=24|pages=381–414|url=https://www.academia.edu/2425036/El_Argar_and_the_Beginning_of_Class_Society_in_the_western_Mediterranean}} 2. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Lull|first1=Vincente|author2=R. Micó |author3=Cristina Rihuete Herrada |author4=Roberto Risch|title=Bronze Age Iberia|journal=The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age|date=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199572861|pages=594–616}} 3. ^C. Michael Hogan, Los Silillos, the Megaltihic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham 4. ^BBC News, "Eco-ruin 'felled early society'" 15 November 2007. 5. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.03.013 | volume=26 | title=Holocene environmental change in a montane region of southern Europe with a long history of human settlement | year=2007 | journal=Quaternary Science Reviews | pages=1455–1475 | last1 = Carrión | first1 = J.S. | last2 = Fuentes | first2 = N. | last3 = González-Sampériz | first3 = P. | last4 = Quirante | first4 = L. Sánchez | last5 = Finlayson | first5 = J.C. | last6 = Fernández | first6 = S. | last7 = Andrade | first7 = A.}} 6. ^Decreto 66/2005, de 1 de abril, por el que se declara Bien de Interés Cultural la Colección Arqueológica del Tesoro de Villena 7. ^Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Edwards The Cambridge Ancient History, :1973:764. 8. ^Gonzalo Aranda Jimenez, Sandra Montón Subías, Margarita Sánchez Romero, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7DlWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 The Archaeology of Bronze Age Iberia: Argaric Societies.] Volume 17 of Routledge Studies in Archaeology, 2014 {{ISBN|1317588916}} p34 Bibliography
External links{{Commonscat-inline|Argaric culture}}{{Bronze Age footer}}{{coord|37.2521|N|1.9175|W|source:wikidata|display=title}} 5 : Archaeological cultures of Southwestern Europe|Bronze Age cultures of Europe|Archaeological cultures in Spain|22nd-century BC establishments|2nd-millennium BC disestablishments |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。