| 词条 | Arghandab River |
| 释义 |
| name = Arghandab River | name_native = Arghandaw rod | name_native_lang = | name_other = Sanzari wala,Arghandab wala, Arghandab sind,ارغنداب رود | etymology = | image = File:Aerial photograph of Kandahar Province in 2011.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_caption = Aerial photograph of Arghandab River in Kandahar Province of Afghanistan | image_alt = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = Afghanistan | pushpin_map_caption = Mouth of the Arghandar River in Afghanistan | pushpin_map_alt = Mouth of the Arghandar River in Afghanistan | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = Afghanistan | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Cities | subdivision_name3 = Kandahar | source1_location = North of Sang-e-Masha{{sfn|Adamec, Historical and Political Gazetteer of Afghanistan, Vol. 5|1980|p=39}} | source1_coordinates= {{coord|33.436630|N|67.516588|E}} | source1_elevation = | mouth_location = Lashkargah{{sfn|Adamec, Historical and Political Gazetteer of Afghanistan, Vol. 5|1980|p=39}} | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|31.432381|N|64.383568|E}} | mouth_elevation = | altitude_difference= | progression = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | length = {{Convert|400|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} Arghandab is a river in Afghanistan, about {{convert|400|km|mi|sp=us|abbr=on}} in length. It rises in the Hazarajat country north-west of Ghazni, flows south-west passing near the city of Kandahar, and then falls into the Helmand {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} below Girishk. In its lower course it is much used for irrigation, under the control of the Helmand and Arghandab Valley Authority, and the valley is cultivated and populous; yet the water is said to be somewhat brackish. It is doubtful whether the ancient Arachotus is to be identified with the Arghandab or with its chief confluent the Tarnak, which joins it on the left {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of Kandahar.[1] The Tarnak, which flows south of Kandahar, is much shorter (length about 320 km or 200 miles) and less copious. Historical backgroundThe river was known to the ancient Iranians as Haraxvaiti in Avestan and Harahuvati in Old Persian, which are cognate with Rigvedic Sarasvati (as described in its "family books"). Greek Arachosia is believed to be a hellenisation of the name, meaning the land of Haraxvaiti.{{sfn|Parpola, The Roots of Hinduism|2015|loc=Ch. 6, p. 97}}[2] Rigveda's hymn VI.61.2 describes it with the words: {{quote|By means of her gushing and powerful waves, this (Sarasvatī) has crushed the ridge of the mountains, (breaking river banks) like a man who digs for lotus roots; with praises and prayers, we solicit Sarasvatī for her help, (Sarasvatī) who slays the foreigners.{{sfn|Parpola, The Roots of Hinduism|2015|loc=Chapter 6}}}}Historian Asko Parpola states: "Arghandab [...] descends from a height of nearly four kilometers down to about 700 meters, when it joins the Helmand River, which eventually forms shallow lakes." Sarasvatī- is interpreted to mean "full of lakes".{{sfn|Parpola, The Roots of Hinduism|2015|loc=Chapter 6}} Several Indian historians, however, state that the Avestan Haraxvaiti as well as the Rigvedic Sarasvati refer to the Helmand River. The Rigvedic name of Arghandab is then believed to be Drishadvati.{{efn|
}} The ruins at Ulan Robat, supposed to represent the city Arachosia, are in its basin; and the lake known as Ab-i Istada, the most probable representative of Lake Arachotus, is near the head of the Tarnak, though not communicating with it. The Tarnak is dammed for irrigation at intervals, and in the hot season almost dries up.[1] Upper course{{expand section|date=April 2018}}The upper course of the Arghandab river is relatively unexplored. The Historical and Political Gazetteer of Afghanistan cites the explorations of Major G. Lynch in 1841,{{efn|Possibly the British political agent Kalat-i-Ghilzai.[5][6]}} according to whom the origin of the Arghandab is 20 to 30 miles north of Sang-e-Masha. This places the source in the mountains southwest of the Nawar basin. Lynch also described the upper course of the river as being a "mountain torrent, dashing over great granite rocks and about 3 feet deep where fordable".{{sfn|Adamec, Historical and Political Gazetteer of Afghanistan, Vol. 5|1980|p=39}} Lower courseThere is a good deal of cultivation along the river, but few villages. The Kabul-Kandahar Highway passes this way (another reason for supposing the Tarnak to be Arachotus), and the people live off the road to avoid the onerous duties of hospitality.[1] Dahla damIn 2008 a project was initiated to rehabilitate the Dahla Dam and associated irrigation system.[7][8][9][10][11][12] See also
Notes{{notelist}}References1. ^1 2 {{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Arghandab|volume=2|page=475}} 2. ^{{cite book|last1 = Boyce| first1 = Mary| author-link1 = Mary Boyce| last2 = Grenet|first2 = Frantz| title = A history of Zoroastrianism. Vol. III, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman rule| year = 1991| publisher = Brill| place = Leiden| isbn = 9004092714|p = 125}} 3. ^{{citation |last=Sharma |first=Ram Sharan |authorlink=Ram Sharan Sharma |title=Advent of the Aryans in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSAwAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |year=1999 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-263-8 |pp=35–36}} 4. ^{{citation |last=Kochhar |first=Rajesh |chapter=On the identity and chronology of the Ṛgvedic river Sarasvatī |title=Archaeology and Language III; Artefacts, languages and texts |editor1=Roger Blench |editor2=Matthew Spriggs |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |ISBN=0-415-10054-2 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h8jfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA262 |pp=262–263}} 5. ^{{citation |last=Buist |first=George |title=Outline of the Operations of the British Troops in Scinde and Afghanistan: Betwixt Nov. 1838 and Nov. 1841; with Remarks on the Policy of the War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9MVFAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA272 |year=1843 |publisher=Times Office |pages=272–}} 6. ^J. W. Fortescue, [https://archive.org/stream/AHistoryOfTheBritishArmy-VolumeXii/AHistoryOfTheBritishArmy-VolumeXii_djvu.txt History of the British Army, Volume XII: 1839–1852], Macmillan and Co, 1927 7. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.aisa.org.af/Downloads/ProvincialProfiles/Kandahar.pdf |title=Provincial profile for Kandahar Province |publisher=Regional Rural Economic Regeneration Strategies |author= |date= |accessdate=2008-10-07 |quote= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828075512/http://www.aisa.org.af/Downloads/ProvincialProfiles/Kandahar.pdf |archivedate=2008-08-28 |df= }} 8. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080717.wafghan-dam18/BNStory/Afghanistan| title=Dahla dam project is potential target: military| work=The Globe and Mail| author=Stephen Chase| date=2008-07-17| accessdate=2008-10-07| quote=}} 9. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.canada.com/topics/news/story.html?id=ba33ef21-b19c-4d60-8d45-6a69d0728843| title=Cdn. military to safeguard Afghan dam project| publisher=Canwest News Service| author=Doug Schmidt| date=2008-06-11| accessdate=2008-10-07| quote=}} 10. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/canada-afghanistan/projects-projets/dam-barrage.aspx| title=Signature Project: Dahla Dam and Irrigation System| publisher=Government of Canada| author=| date=| accessdate=2008-10-07| quote=}} 11. ^{{cite news |url=http://webcast.international.gc.ca/cpc/PCRA/podcasts/dahla/Dahla_Final_EN.mov |title=Dahla Dam -- Summer 2008 (video podcast) |publisher=Government of Canada |author= |date= |accessdate=2008-10-07 |quote= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706192448/http://webcast.international.gc.ca/cpc/PCRA/podcasts/dahla/Dahla_Final_EN.mov |archivedate=2011-07-06 }} 12. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/canada-afghanistan/multimedia/trans_2008_09_09b.aspx| title=Dahla Dam -- Summer 2008| publisher=Government of Canada| author=| date=| accessdate=2008-10-07| quote=}} Bibliography
External links{{Commons category|Arghandab River}}
6 : Rivers of Afghanistan|Helmand River drainage basin|Helmand River|Landforms of Helmand Province|Landforms of Kandahar Province|Landforms of Ghazni Province |
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