| 词条 | Arianta arbustorum |
| 释义 |
| image = Snail_on_fence.jpg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref =[1] | image_caption = | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Mollusca | classis = Gastropoda | unranked_superfamilia= clade Heterobranchia clade Euthyneura clade Eupulmonata clade Stylommatophora informal group Sigmurethra | superfamilia = Helicoidea | familia = Helicidae | subfamilia = Ariantinae | genus = Arianta | species = A. arbustorum | binomial = Arianta arbustorum | binomial_authority = (Linnaeus, 1758)[2] | synonyms =Helix arbustorum Linnaeus, 1758 }} Arianta arbustorum is a medium-sized species of land snail, sometimes known as the "copse snail", a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Helicidae. SubspeciesSeveral subspecies are sometimes recognised by authors:
DistributionThis species is native to Europe:
This species has not yet become established in the US, but it is considered to represent a potentially serious threat as a pest, an invasive species which could negatively affect agriculture, natural ecosystems, human health or commerce. Therefore, it has been suggested that this species be given top national quarantine significance in the USA.[7] DescriptionThe shell is usually brown with numerous pale yellowish rows of spots and usually with a brown band above the periphery, occasionally yellowish, reddish or with greenish hue, weakly striated and with fine spiral lines on the upper side.[3] The shell has 5-5.5 convex whorls with deep suture.[3] The last whorl is slightly descending near the aperture.[3] The aperture is with prominent white lip inside.[3] The apertural margin is reflected.[3] Umbilicus is entirely covered by the reflected columellar margin.[3] The width of the shell is 18–25 mm.[3] The height of the shell is 12–22 mm.[3] Dimensions are locally variable.[3] The shell shape is globular in most present-day populations, but originally is believed to have been depressed in the Pleistocene, before lowlands were invaded and shells became globular, re-invading mountain regions except some isolated spots among glaciers.[3] The animal is usually black.[3] Life cycleArianta arbustorum lives in forests and open habitats of any kind.[3] It requires humidity.[3] It lives also in disturbed habitats (not in Ireland where it is restricted to old native woodland).[3] It may locally tolerate non-calcareous substrate, in north Scotland also on sandhills.[3] In the Alps up to 2700 m, in Britain 1200 m, in Bulgaria 1500 m.[3]It feeds on green herbs, dead animals and faeces.[3] If snails hatched more than 50 m distant from each other, they are considered isolated since they would not move more than 25 m (neighbourhood area 32–50 m), usually they move about 7–12 m in a year, mostly along water currents.[3] This species of snail makes and uses calcareous love darts during mating. Reproduction is usually after copulation, but self-fertilization is also possible.[3] The size of the egg is 3.2 mm.[8] Maturity is reached after 2–4 years.[3] The maximum age up to 14 years.[3] Angiostrongylus vasorum has successfully experimentally infected this snail.[9]ReferencesThis article incorporates public domain text from the reference.[10] 1. ^{{IUCN2014.3|assessor=NatureServe |year=2013|id=156468|title=Arianta arbustorum|downloaded=15 December 2014}} 2. ^Linnaeus C. (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. pp. [1-4], 1-824. Holmiae. (Salvius). 3. ^{{nl icon}} Arianta arbustorum — Anemoon 4. ^New snail found in the Faroe Islands 5. ^McAlpine, D.F., Schueler, F.W., Maunder, J.E., Noseworthy, R.G., & Sollows, M.C. 2009. Establishment and persistence of the copse snail, Arianta arbustorum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Gastropoda: Helicidae) in Canada. The Nautilus 123(1):14-18. 6. ^McAlpine, D.F., & R.G. Forsyth. 2014. Occurrence of the Copse Snail, Arianta arbustorum (Helicidae) on Prince Edward Island: an addition to the North American range of a purported potential pest. Northeastern Naturalist 21(1):N5–N7. 7. ^Cowie R. H., Dillon R. T., Robinson D. G. & Smith J. W. (2009). "Alien non-marine snails and slugs of priority quarantine importance in the United States: A preliminary risk assessment". American Malacological Bulletin 27: 113-132. PDF {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616175729/http://dillonr.people.cofc.edu/Cowie-et-al-2009.pdf |date=16 June 2016 }}. 8. ^Heller J.: Life History Strategies. in Barker G. M. (ed.): [https://books.google.com/books?id=WlvX-9Wt0toC&hl The biology of terrestrial molluscs]. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, {{ISBN|0-85199-318-4}}. 1-146, cited page: 428. 9. ^Conboy G. A. (30 May 2000) "Canine Angiostrongylosis (French Heartworm)". In: Bowman D. D. (Ed.) Companion and Exotic Animal Parasitology. International Veterinary Information Service. Accessed 24 November 2009. 10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Species summary for Arianta arbustorum. AnimalBase, last modified 25 August 2010, accessed 8 October 2010. External links{{Commons category|Arianta arbustorum}}
Studies
3 : Helicidae|Molluscs of Europe|Gastropods described in 1758 |
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