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词条 Black Friday (1978)
释义

  1. Background

  2. Massacre

  3. Aftermath

  4. Legacy

  5. In art

     In Persian  In English 

  6. See also

  7. References

{{For|the video game|1979 Revolution: Black Friday}}{{use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Black Friday
| image =JalehSquare2.jpg
| caption =
| partof = Iranian Revolution
| location = Tehran, Iran
| target =
|coordinates =
| date = 8 September 1978
| time =
| timezone = GMT+3.30
| type =
| fatalities = 88[1][1][2][3][4][5]
| injuries = 205[6]
| perps = Imperial Army of Iran
| motive =
}}Black Friday (Persian: جمعه سیاه Jom'e-ye Siyāh) is the name given to 8 September 1978 (17 Shahrivar 1357 in the Iranian calendar)[7] because of the shootings in Jaleh Square (Persian: میدان ژاله Meydān-e Jāleh) in Tehran, Iran.[8][9] Between 84–88[10] people were killed in the incident and 205 were injured. The deaths were described as the pivotal event in the Iranian Revolution that ended any "hope for compromise" between the protest movement and regime of the Mohammad Reza Shah.[11] The incident is described by historian Ervand Abrahamian as "a sea of blood between the shah and the people."[1]

Background

As protests against the Shah's rule continued during the spring and the summer of 1978, the Iranian government declared martial law. On 8 September, thousands gathered in Tehran's Jaleh Square for a religious demonstration, unaware that the government had declared martial law a day earlier.[12]

Massacre

The soldiers ordered the crowd to disperse, but the order was ignored. Initially, it was thought that because of that reason the protesters' continuous pushing towards the military that made it open fire, killing and wounding dozens of people.

Recent theories have suggested greater ambiguity in the situation, especially because of the presence of Palestinian guerrillas in Iran, who some{{who|date=September 2018}} believe were agitators.[13][14]

Aftermath

Black Friday is thought to have marked the point of no return for the revolution, and it led to the abolition of Iran's monarchy less than a year later. It is also believed that Black Friday played a crucial role in further radicalizing the protest movement, uniting the opposition to the Shah and mobilized the masses. Initially, opposition and western journalists claimed that the Iranian army had massacred thousands of protesters.[15][16][19] The clerical leadership announced that "thousands have been massacred by Zionist troops".[17]

The events triggered protests that continued for another four months. The day after Black Friday, Amir-Abbas Hoveyda resigned as minister of court for unrelated reasons.

A general strike in October shut down the petroleum industry that was essential to the administration's survival, "sealing the Shah's fate".[18] The continuation of protests ultimately led to Shah leaving Iran in January 1979, clearing the way for the Iranian Revolution, led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25]

Legacy

Initially, western media and opposition reported "15,000 dead and wounded" despite reports by the Iranian government officials that 86 people had died in Tehran in the whole day.[26] Michael Foucault, an influential French journalist and social theorist, first reported that 2000 to 3000 people had died in the Jaleh Square, and he later raised that number to 4000.[15] The BBC's correspondent in Iran, Andrew Whitley, reported that hundreds had died.[27]

According to Emadeddin Baghi, a former researcher at the Martyrs Foundation (Bonyad Shahid, part of the current Iranian government, which compensates families of victims) hired "to make sense of the data" on those killed on Black Friday, 64 were killed in Jaleh Square on Black Friday, with two females: one woman and a young girl. On the same day in other parts of the capital, 24 people died in clashes with martial law forces, with one female, making the total casualties on the same day to 88 deaths.[15] Another source puts the Martyrs Foundation tabulation of dead at 84 during that day.[28]

The square's name was later changed to the Square of Martyrs (Maidan-e Shohada) by the Islamic republic.[29]

In art

In Persian

In 1978 shortly after the massacre, the Iranian musician Hossein Alizadeh set Siavash Kasraie's poem about the event to music. Mohammad Reza Shajarian sang the piece "Jāleh Khun Shod" (Jaleh [Square] became bloody).[30]

In English

Nastaran Akhavan, one of the survivors, wrote the book Spared about the event. The book explains how the author was forced into a massive wave of thousands of angry protesters, who were later massacred by the Shah's military.[31] The 2016 adventure video game Black Friday is based on the event. The game is directed by Navid Khonsari, who was a child at the time of the revolution and admitted he did not have a realistic view of what was taking place. Khonsari described creating the game as "[wanting] people to feel the passion and the elation of being in the revolution – of feeling that you could possibly make a change."[32]

See also

  • Iranian Revolution
  • Cinema Rex fire

References

1. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Shakman Hurd |first1=Elizabeth |title=The Politics of Secularism in International Relations |date=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1400828012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=096dp4dthm0C&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=black+friday |accessdate=6 September 2018 |language=en}}
2. ^{{cite book |last1=Berg-Sørensen |first1=Anders |title=Contesting Secularism: Comparative Perspectives |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317160243 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RiYpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA193&lpg=PA193 |accessdate=6 September 2018 |language=en}}
3. ^{{cite book |last1=Thiessen |first1=Mark |title=An Island of Stability: The Islamic Revolution of Iran and the Dutch Opinion |date=2008 |publisher=Sidestone Press |isbn=9789088900198 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAfEhkidr8AC&pg=PA47 |accessdate=6 September 2018 |language=en}}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.emadbaghi.com/en/archives/000592.php#more|title=Emad Baghi :: English|website=www.emadbaghi.com|access-date=2018-09-08}}
5. ^Andrew Scott Cooper,The Fall of Heaven: The Pahlavis and the Final Days of Imperial Iran Hardcover – July 19, 2016 {{ISBN|0805098976}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.emadbaghi.com/en/archives/000592.php#more|title=Emad Baghi :: English|website=www.emadbaghi.com|access-date=2018-09-08}}
7. ^{{cite book|last1=Abrahamian|first1=Ervand|title=Iran Between Two Revolutions|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691101347|url=https://books.google.com/?id=qh_QotrY7RkC&pg=PA516&dq=black+friday+iran#v=onepage&q=black%20friday%20iran&f=false|accessdate=5 September 2016|language=en|date=1982-07-21}}
8. ^{{cite book|last1=Bashiriyeh|first1=Hossein|title=The State and Revolution in Iran (RLE Iran D)|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781136820892|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9u7lyTLF4oUC&pg=PA115&dq=black+friday+iran#v=onepage&q=black%20friday%20iran&f=false|accessdate=5 September 2016|language=en|date=2012-04-27}}
9. ^{{cite book|last1=Fischer|first1=Michael M. J.|title=Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=9780299184735|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QzDMzTWRnFIC&pg=PA196&dq=black+friday+iran#v=onepage&q=jaleh&f=false|accessdate=5 September 2016|language=en|date=2003-07-15}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.emadbaghi.com/en/archives/000592.php#more|title=Emad Baghi :: English|website=www.emadbaghi.com|access-date=2018-09-08}}
11. ^Abrahamian, Ervand, History of Modern Iran, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 160–1
12. ^{{cite book |title=The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution |last=Bakhash |first=Schaul |page=15 |publisher=Basic Books |place=New York |date=1990}}
13. ^{{cite book |last=Manouchehr |first=Ganji |title=Defying the Iranian Revolution: From a Minister to a Shah to a Leader of resistance |url= |location= |publisher= |page=14 |isbn=978-0275971878 |author-link= |year=2002 }}
14. ^Andrew Scott Cooper,The Fall of Heaven: The Pahlavis and the Final Days of Imperial Iran Hardcover – July 19, 2016 {{ISBN|0805098976}}
15. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.emadbaghi.com/en/archives/000592.php#more| title=A Question of Numbers}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588431/Islamic_Revolution_of_Iran.html |title=Islamic Revolution of Iran |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwPmr4NK?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588431/Islamic_Revolution_of_Iran.html |archivedate=31 October 2009 |df=dmy }}
17. ^Taheri, The Spirit of Allah (1985), p. 223.
18. ^Moin, Khomeini (2000), p. 189.
19. ^The Persian Sphinx: Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Iranian Revolution, Abbas Milani, pp. 292–293
20. ^Seven Events That Made America America, Larry Schweikart, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BMnUBQJBbgIC&pg=PT147&lpg=PT147&dq=shah+was+finished+after+Black+Friday&source=bl&ots=cO3GMfUWGj&sig=RGLg1EqzPDPZ1PoXL8bcle9__JM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QP16UJ_7Cof7iwLpq4DYAg&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=shah%20was%20finished%20after%20Black%20Friday&f=false p.]
21. ^The Iranian Revolution of 1978/1979 and How Western Newspapers Reported It, Edgar Klüsener, p. 12
22. ^Cultural History After Foucault, John Neubauer, p. 64
23. ^Islam in the World Today: A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society, by Werner Ende, Udo Steinbach, p. 264
24. ^The A to Z of Iran, John H. Lorentz, p. 63
25. ^Islam and Politics, John L. Esposito, p. 212
26. ^Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah (2003) Answer to History Irwin Pub, page 160, {{ISBN|978-0772012968}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5755xzFSbY| title=Black Friday Massacre – Iran (SEp. 8 1978)}} Retrieved 7 June 2013
28. ^E. Baqi, 'Figures for the Dead in the Revolution', Emruz, 30 July 2003, quoted in Abrahamian, Ervand, History of Modern Iran, Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 160–1
29. ^1 {{cite web|url= http://www.internews.org/visavis/BTVPages/Theislamicrevolution.html#Black_Friday |title=Black Friday |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20030520145212/http://www.internews.org/visavis/BTVPages/Theislamicrevolution.html#Black_Friday |archivedate =20 May 2003}}
30. ^{{cite news|last1=Staff writers|title=Jales became bloody|url=http://www.asriran.com/fa/news/416133/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B4%D8%AF-%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B4%D8%AF|accessdate=7 September 2016|work=www.asriran.com}}
31. ^{{Cite book|title=Spared|first=Nastaran|last=Akhavan|date=3 May 2012|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|isbn = 978-1463619428}}
32. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/nov/13/iran-1979-revolution-video-game-kickstarter |title=Frag-counter revolutionaries: Iran 1979 revolution-based video game to launch |last=Holpuch |first=Amanda |website=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian Media Group |date=November 14, 2013 |accessdate=May 1, 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6hATwFMFP?url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/nov/13/iran-1979-revolution-video-game-kickstarter |archivedate=1 May 2016 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}
{{coord missing|Tehran Province}}

7 : Protests in Iran|Conflicts in 1978|Iranian Revolution|1978 in Iran|Mass murder in 1978|Massacres in Iran|History of Tehran
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