| 词条 | Black Guerrilla Family |
| 释义 |
| name = Black Guerilla Family | image = Bgfdragon.gif | caption = Dragon logo | founded = {{start date and age|1966}} | founding location = San Quentin State Prison | founded by = George Jackson, W. L. Nolen | years active = 1966–present | territory = Most US prisons | ethnic makeup = African Americans | membership = 100–300 full members with 50,000 associates in and out of prison | criminal activities = Drug trafficking[1] auto theft,[1] robbery,[1] and homicide[1] | allies = Symbionese Liberation Army Nuestra Familia Black Disciples[2][3] Bloods[2] Crips[2] Black Liberation Army Weather Underground[2] Latin Kings Dead Man Inc. Gangster Disciples | rivals = American Mafia Aryan Brotherhood[2] Mexican Mafia Texas Syndicate Mexikanemi Gulf Cartel Serbian mafia }} The Black Guerilla Family, or BGF (also known as the Black Family or the Black Vanguard) is an African-American prison and street gang founded in 1966 by George Jackson, George “Big Jake” Lewis, and W. L. Nolen while they were incarcerated at San Quentin State Prison in Marin County, California. Philosophy and goals{{Black Power sidebar}}Inspired by Marcus Garvey, the Black Guerilla Family (BGF) was characterized as an ideological African-American Marxist Leninist[4] revolutionary organization composed of prisoners. It was founded with the stated goals of eradicating racism, maintaining dignity in prison, and overthrowing the United States government. HistoryThe Black Guerrilla Family was founded by George Jackson in San Quentin State Prison during the Black Power movement. The group later became a recognizable organized crime force in the United States. Huey P. Newton murderOn August 22, 1989, co-founder and leader of the Black Panther Party for Self Defense, Huey P. Newton was fatally shot outside 1456 9th St in West Oakland by 24-year-old Black Guerilla Family member, Tyrone Robinson.[5] Relations between Newton and factions within the Black Guerilla Family had been strained for nearly two decades. Former Black Panther Party members who became BGF members in jail had become disenchanted with Newton for his perceived abandonment of imprisoned Black Panther members and allegations of Newton's fratricide within the party. In his book, Shadow of the Panther, Hugh Pearson alleges that Newton was addicted to crack cocaine, and his extortion of local BGF drug dealers to obtain free drugs added to their animosity.[6] Robinson was convicted of the murder in August 1991 and sentenced to 32 years for the crime.[7] Fay Stender attempted murderIn 1979, former BGF lawyer Fay Stender was shot five times by recently paroled Black Guerilla Family member Edward Glenn Brooks, for what Brooks said was Stender’s betrayal of George Jackson. Brooks forced Stender to state: "I, Fay Stender, admit I betrayed George Jackson and the prison movement when they needed me most" just before he shot her.[8] Stender was left paralyzed below the waist and in constant pain by the assault and committed suicide in Hong Kong shortly after she testified against Brooks.[9] Baltimore unrest{{Main|2015 Baltimore protests}}In 2015 Baltimore police stated that the Black Guerrilla Family, the Bloods, and the Crips were "teaming up" to target police officers.[10] Later, however, leaders of both the Bloods and the Crips denied the allegations,[11] released a video statement asking for calm and peaceful protest in the area,[12] and joined with police and clergy to enforce the curfew.[13] At one occasion, gang members helped to prevent a riot at the Security Square Mall by dispersing attempted rioters.[14] On other occasions, rival gang members helped each other to protect black-owned businesses, black children, and reporters, diverting rioters to Chinese- and Arab-owned businesses instead.[15] Symbols
See also
References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |trans-title= Gangs in the United States |volume= 4 |issue= 40 |pages= 12 |date= October 4, 2005 |title= Pandillas en USA |url= http://www.cicad.oas.org/Crimen_Organizado/ESP/Actualidad/Pandillas%20en%20USA.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060524220015/http://www.cicad.oas.org/Crimen_Organizado/ESP/Actualidad/Pandillas%20en%20USA.pdf |dead-url= yes |archive-date= May 24, 2006 }} 2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |author= Florida Department of Corrections |url= http://dc.state.fl.us/pub/gangs/prison2.html#bgf |title= Prison Gangs (continued) - Gangs and Security Threat Group Awareness |publisher= Florida Department of Corrections |date= |accessdate= 2012-08-05 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100312183629/http://www.dc.state.fl.us/pub/gangs/prison2.html#bgf |archivedate= 2010-03-12 |df= }} 3. ^{{cite web|title=Major Prison Gangs|url=http://dc.state.fl.us/pub/gangs/prison2.html#bgf|publisher=Florida Department of Corrections|accessdate=20 June 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312183629/http://www.dc.state.fl.us/pub/gangs/prison2.html#bgf|archivedate=12 March 2010|df=}} 4. ^{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=QXpejAPTqH0C&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=black+guerrilla+family+marxist#v=onepage&q=black%20guerrilla%20family%20marxist&f=false |title=The Rise and Fall of California's Radical Prison Movement |last=Cummins |first=Eric |date=1994 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804722322 |language=en}} 5. ^{{cite news |title=Suspect Admits Shooting Newton, Police Say |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/27/us/suspect-admits-shooting-newton-police-say.html |quote=The police said late Friday that an admitted drug dealer had acknowledged killing Huey P. Newton, co-founder of the Black Panther Party |agency=Associated Press |work=The New York Times |date=August 27, 1989 |accessdate=May 8, 2013}} 6. ^Hugh Pearson, Shadow of the Panther. p. 6 7. ^Los Angeles Times, 10-10-91, pA22; 12-5-91, pA19. 8. ^{{cite web |first=Diana |last=Russell |url=http://www.ontheissuesmagazine.com/1991spring/Russell_spring1991.php |title=Fay Stender and the Politics of Murder |work=On The Issues Magazine |date=Spring 1991}} 9. ^{{cite news |authorlink1=David Horowitz |first1=David |last1=Horowitz |authorlink2=Peter Collier (political author) |first2=Peter |last2=Collier |title=Requiem for a Radical |work=New West |year=1981}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/crime/blog/bs-md-ci-freddie-gray-gang-threat-20150427-story.html|title=Baltimore police say gangs 'teaming up' to take out officers|date=April 27, 2015|work=The Baltimore Sun|accessdate=April 28, 2015}} 11. ^{{cite news|last1=Porter|first1=Tom|title=Bloods and Crips gangs reject claims of kill-a-cop pact|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/baltimore-riots-bloods-crips-gangs-reject-claims-kill-cop-pact-1498790|accessdate=April 29, 2015|work=International Business Times|date=April 28, 2015}} 12. ^{{cite news|title=Gangs call for calm in Baltimore|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-riots/bal-video-gangs-call-for-calm-in-baltimore-20150427-premiumvideo.html|accessdate=April 29, 2015|work=The Baltimore Sun|date=April 27, 2015}} 13. ^{{cite news|last1=Berman|first1=John|last2=Castillo|first2=Mariano|title=Baltimore gangs will help enforce curfew|url=http://cnnuslive.cnn.com/Event/Baltimore_Riot/160923728|accessdate=April 29, 2015|publisher=CNN|date=April 28, 2015}} 14. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.wusa9.com/story/news/local/maryland/2015/04/28/gang-members-help-prevent-riot-baltimore-mall/26534797/ | title=Gang members help prevent riot at Baltimore mall | publisher=WUSA | date=April 28, 2015 | accessdate=April 29, 2015 | first=Garrett W |last=Haake}} 15. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/28/us/amid-violence-factions-and-messages-converge-in-a-weary-and-unsettled-baltimore.html| title=Amid Violence, Factions and Messages Converge in a Weary and Unsettled Baltimore | work=The New York Times | date=April 27, 2015 | accessdate=April 30, 2015 | first=Ron |last=Nixon}} 16. ^1 {{Cite journal | publisher = Anti-Defamation League | title = Black Guerilla Family Prison Tattoo | url = http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/tattoo_black_guerilla_family.asp | accessdate = 2007-11-25 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013021245/http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/tattoo_black_guerilla_family.asp | archivedate = 2007-10-13 | df = }} External links
8 : 1966 establishments in California|African-American gangs|African-American leftism|Black Power|Far-left politics in the United States|Gangs in California|Marxist organizations|Prison gangs in the United States |
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