“Black Hundreds”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Black Hundred (Чёрная сотня in Russian; Chornaya sotnya), also known as the black-hundredists (Черносотенцы in Russian; chernosotentsy), was an ultra-nationalist movement in Russia in the early 20th century. It was a staunch supporter of the House of Romanov and opposed any retreat from the autocracy of the reigning monarch.^[2] The Black Hundreds were also noted for extremism and incitement to pogroms, nationalistic Russocentric doctrines, different xenophobic beliefs, including anti-Ukrainian sentiment^[3] and anti-semitism.^[4]

Pre-formation

"Svyashchennaya druzhina" (Священнaя дружинa, or The Holy Brigade) and "Russkoye sobraniye" (Русское собрание, or Russian Assembly) in St. Petersburg are considered{{by whom|date=October 2014}} to be predecessors of the Black Hundreds. Starting in 1900, the two organizations united representatives of the conservative intellectuals, government officials, clergy and landowners. A number of black-hundredist organizations formed during and after the Russian Revolution of 1905, such as:

Predecessors

Members of the Black Hundreds organizations came from different social strata—such as landowners, clergymen, the high and petty bourgeoisie, merchants, artisans, workers and the so-called "declassed elements". The Sovet ob’yedinyonnogo dvoryanstva (United Gentry Council) guided the activities of the black-hundredists; the tsarist regime provided moral and financial support to the movement.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} The Black Hundreds were founded on a devotion to Tsar, church and motherland, expressed previously by the motto of Tsar Nicholas I: "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality" (Pravoslavie, Samoderzhavie i Narodnost). Despite certain program differences, all of the black-hundredist organizations had one goal in common, namely their struggle against the revolutionary movement.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} The black-hundredists conducted oral propaganda: in churches by holding special services, and during meetings, lectures and demonstrations. Such propaganda provoked antisemitic sentiments and monarchic "exaltation" and caused{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} numerous pogroms and terrorist acts against revolutionaries and certain public figures, performed by the Black Hundreds' paramilitary groups, sometimes known as "Yellow Shirts".^[5]

Popularity and power

The Black Hundred movement published newspapers, such as Znamya (The Banner) or Russkoye znamya (Russian Banner), Pochayevsky listok (The Pochayev Page), Zemschina, Kolokol (Bell), Groza (Thunderstorm), Veche and others. Many rightist newspapers, such as Moskovskiye vedomosti (Moscow News), Grazhdanin (Citizen) and Kievlyanin (Kievan), published their materials as well. Among the prominent leaders of the Black Hundred movement were Alexander Dubrovin, Vladimir Purishkevich, Nikolai Markov, A. I. Trishatny, Pavel Krushevan, Pavel Bulatsel, Ivan Vostorgov, M. K. Shakhovskoy, Saint John of Kronstadt, Hieromonk Iliodor, Bishop Hermogen, and others.

Incitement to violence

When two Duma delegates, Grigori Borisovich Iollos (Poltava province) and Mikhail Herzenstein (b. 1859, d. 1906 in Terijoki), both from the Constitutional Democratic Party, were assassinated by members of the Black Hundreds, their press organ Russkoe Znamya declared openly that "Real Russians assassinated Herzenstein and Iollos with knowledge of officials", and expressed regret that "only two Jews perished in the crusade against revolutionaries."^[6] The black hundred were known to have used violence and torture on anyone they believed was a threat to the Tsar.

The Black Hundred and the Ukrainian question

The Black Hundreds defined Ukrainians as Russians,^[7] and attracted the support of many "Moscowphiles" who considered themselves Russian and rejected Ukrainian nationalism and identity.^[8] The Black Hundred movement actively campaigned against what it considered to be Ukrainian separatism, as well as against promoting Ukrainian culture and language in general, and against the works of Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko in particular.^[9] In Odessa, the Black Hundreds shut down the local branch of the Ukrainian Prosvita society, an organization that was dedicated to spreading literacy in the Ukrainian language and Ukrainian cultural awareness.^[8]

All-Russian congresses

The black-hundredists organized four all-Russian congresses with the purpose of uniting their forces. In October 1906, they elected the so-called glavnaya uprava (a kind of board of directors) of the new all-Russian black-hundredist organization "Ob’yedinyonniy russkiy narod" (Объединённый русский народ, or Russian People United). After 1907, however, this organization disintegrated and the whole Black Hundreds movement became weaker with membership rate steadily decreasing. During the February Revolution of 1917, the remaining black-hundredist organizations were officially abolished.

After emigrating abroad, black-hundredists became the main right-wing critics of the White movement. They blamed the movement for not emphasising monarchism as its key ideological foundation, and being run under the influence of liberals and Freemasons. One former member of the Black Hundreds, Boris Brasol (1885–1963), later emigrated to the United States and befriended Henry Ford, who gave Brasol a job on The Dearborn Independent. Brasol also helped in the production of The International Jew.^[10]

In popular culture

References

1. ^http://alphahistory.com/russianrevolution/the-black-hundred/
2. ^Norman Cohn, Warrant for Genocide, pp. 61, 73, 89, 120–2, 134, 139, 251.
3. ^Ukraine and Russia in Their Historical Encounter, by Peter J. Potichnyj, University of Alberta, Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, 1992 (pp. 576, 582, 665).
4. ^A People Apart: The Jews in Europe, 1789–1939, by David Vital, Oxford University Press, 1999 (pp. 140, 141).
5. ^Compare: {{cite book|last1=Allensworth|first1=Wayne|title=The Russian Question: Nationalism, Modernization, and Post-Communist Russia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rd7kfSrXICAC|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|publicationdate=1998|page=127|isbn=9780847690039|accessdate=2015-12-01|quote=The Black Hundreds' militants were organized into paramilitary groups, one of which took the name of 'Yellow Shirts,' anticipating the Brown and Black Shirts of Germany and Italy.}}
6. ^{{cite journal|last=|first=|date=|title=A LIST OF EVENTS IN 5670 AND NECROLOGY|url=http://www.ajcarchives.org/ajc_data/files/1910_1911_4_yearreview.pdf|deadurl=|journal=American Jewish Yearbook|location=|publisher=AJC Archives|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=August 22, 2016|quote=July 1, 1909, to June 30, 1910, Issue 1910–1911}}
7. ^Jacob Langer. (2007) Corruption and the Counterrevolution: The Rise and Fall of the Black Hundred History Dissertation, Duke University. pg.19
8. ^¹Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Black Hundreds University of Toronto, Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies.
9. ^Украинская Жизнь. — М., 1912. — № 5 — С. 82.
10. ^How Russia Shaped the Modern World by Steven G. Marks. Princeton University Press, 2003 (pp. 172–4)