| 词条 | Armenian Nuclear Power Plant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| location_map = | country = Armenia | coordinates = {{coord|40|10|51.04|N|44|8|56.07|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | image = Metsamor nuclear power plant, cooling towers (Armenia, June 2015).jpg | operator = Haykakan Atomayin Electrakayan CJSC | construction_began = 1969 | commissioned = December 22, 1976 | decommissioned = | np_reactor_type = VVER-440 Model V-270 | np_fuel_type = Uranium Oxide from low-enriched uranium | ps_units_operational = 1 x 408 MW (gross) | ps_units_decommissioned = 1 x 408 MW (gross) | ps_thermal_capacity = 1,375 MWt | ps_electrical_capacity = 375 | ps_annual_generation = 2,265 | ps_annual_gen_year = }} The Armenian Nuclear Power Plant (ANPP) ({{Lang-hy|Հայկական ատոմային էլեկտրակայան}}), also known as the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant, (Armenian: Մեծամորի ատոմային էլեկտրակայան) is the only nuclear power plant in the South Caucasus, located 36 kilometers west of Yerevan in Armenia. The ANPP complex consists of two VVER-440 Model V270 nuclear reactors, each capable of generating 407.5 megawatts (MW) of power, for a total of 815 MW.[1][1] The plant supplied approximately 40 percent of Armenia's electricity in 2015.[2] As with other early VVER-440 plants, and unlike Western pressurized water reactors (PWR), the ANPP lacks a secondary containment building. HistoryThe ANPP complex consists of two units. The first unit was activated on December 22, 1976, and the second on January 5, 1980.[3] Following public pressure after the Spitak Earthquake in 1988, the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union decided to shut down the existing two units.[4] After the fall of the USSR, Armenia had a period of energy scarcity and the government decided to reopen the plant. Ahead of the reopening, the Armenian government invited leading international companies to discuss and recommend solutions for potential earthquakes. After lengthy discussions, they developed a solution and subsequently unit 2 restarted on 5 November 1995, six years after being shut down.[4] This resulted in vast increases in the Armenian power supply, allowing power to be used day and night.[7] ANPP is operated by CJSC HAEK (Closed Joint Stock Company Armenian Atomic Power Plant), according to the ratification of the Republic of Armenia on the usage of nuclear energy. The principal goal of this company has been stated to be the ability to produce safe and cost-efficient energy.[5] Earthquake resistanceThe plant lies close to an area prone to earthquakes with magnitudes up to 8. However, the plant was only constructed to resist earthquakes with a magnitude of up to 7.[3][6] Main technical and economical performance indicators
Recent unit 2 developmentsHakob Sanasaryan, an Armenian chemist and environmentalist campaigner and head of the Green Union of Armenia, claimed in 2003 that the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant did not meet internationally accepted nuclear safety standards, due to the lack of a containment vessel.[7]The E.U. reportedly had classified the VVER 440 Model V230 light-water-cooled reactors as the "oldest and least reliable" category of all the 66 Soviet reactors built in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union.[8] However the IAEA has found that the Metsamor NPP has adequate safety and can function beyond its design lifespan.[9] In December 2008, the Armenian government's progress in meeting international safety standards regarding its use of nuclear energy at the Metsamor NPP was praised by Council on Nuclear Energy Safety Chairman Adolf Birkhofer, who also praised the overall development of the energy system in the country.[10] In the wake of Japan's 2011 Fukushima nuclear crisis, the combination of design and location of Metsamor was again claimed to make it among the most dangerous nuclear plants in the world. The Metsamor power station is one of the few remaining nuclear reactors of its kind that were built without primary containment structures. However, the IAEA has found that the plant has adequate safety and can function beyond its design lifespan. Armenian authorities and nuclear experts have also dismissed the possibility of a repeat of Fukushima, citing numerous safety upgrades the plant has received since one of its reactors was restored into operation in 1995.[9][11] In October 2015 a life extension of unit 2 was agreed, to take place in 2017 and 2018, permitting it to operate until 2027. The work will include modernization of the turbine hall equipment enabling unit 2's power output to increase by 15-18%.[12] Discussions on possible third unitOn April 23, 2007 Director Sergei Kiriyenko of Russia's Federal Agency for Atomic Energy (Rosatom) met with Armenia's Energy Minister Armen Movsisyan and Ecology Minister, Vardan Ayvazyan, where the Russian side indicated Moscow's willingness to help Armenia build a new nuclear power plant, in the event that Armenian officials opted to head in that direction. This statement was followed by former President Robert Kocharyan's speech given to Yerevan State University students on April 27, 2007 during which he said that serious work on the fate of Armenia's atomic energy is underway and practical steps will be taken in this direction in 2008–2009. The president considered it desirable to construct a new nuclear power plant based on the existing infrastructures and new technologies. However, in his words, it is necessary to determine the amount needed and examine what impact it will have on rates. Robert Kocharyan said that in 2012–2013, active work will be carried out to build a new nuclear power plant and modernize the current one. Armen Movsisyan has also announced that a decision to build a new unit at the operating nuclear power plant to replace the one to be decommissioned has been taken. The new unit would support 1,000 MW, which would "not only meet the needs of Armenia and reduce the country's dependence on organic energy [gas, oil, etc.] considerably but will also have certain energy importance in the region."[13] A feasibility study for building a new reactor at the Metsamor nuclear power plant is underway with the assistance of foreign specialists. This work is expected to be completed within 1–2 years. Another proposed idea would be to have the unit support 1,200 MW.[14] The cost of the project will go upwards from $4 billion to 5.2-7.2 billion depending on the power of the plant. Armenian Deputy Minister of Energy and Natural Resources Areg Galstyan said that the construction of the new nuclear power plant may start in 2011. The new NPP was expected to be commissioned in 2017.[14] The United States has backed plans for a new Armenian Nuclear Plant and has pledged to help the Armenian government conduct feasibility studies needed for the implementation of the multimillion-dollar project.[15] On November 29, 2007, the Armenian government approved a plan to shut down the nuclear power plant, but gave no specific date. According to Energy Minister Armen Movsisyan, the shutdown could cost up to $280 million. In February 2009, the government announced a tender for a new 1000 MWe unit. In May 2009, Australian company Worley Parsons was chosen to administer the project, and a $460 million management contract was signed in June. Legislation providing for the construction of up to 1200 MWe of new nuclear capacity at Metsamor from one or more reactors was passed in June 2009. In December 2009, the government approved the establishment of JV Metzamorenergoatom, a 50-50 Russian-Armenian joint stock company set up by the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources with Atomstroyexport, with shares offered to other investors. This will build a 1060 MWe AES-92 unit (with a VVER-1000 model V-392 reactor) with a service life of 60 years at Metsamor. In March 2010 an agreement was signed with Rosatom to provide the V-392 reactor equipment for it. In August 2010, an intergovernmental agreement was signed to provide that the Russian party will build at least one VVER-1000 reactor, supply nuclear fuel for it and decommission it. Construction was to commence in 2012 or early 2013 and is expected to cost US$5 billion. The customer and owner of new reactors, as well as electricity generated, will be Metzamorenergoatom, and Atomstroyexport will be the principal contractor. Armenia undertakes to buy all electricity produced at commercial rates, enabling investors' return on capital, for 20 years. Metzamorenergoatom is to fund not less than 40% of the construction, and early in 2012, Russia agreed to finance 50%. The latest date for commissioning is 2019-20.[16] As of 2015, construction of a new nuclear unit is still being considered, though plans were delayed due to the Fukushima crisis. A medium power design of about 600 MWe is now the preferred option.[12] Reactors
ANPP and EnvironmentAs the Metsamor Plant is near Turkey, 16 km from the border, its environmental issues are of great significance for Turkey as well. Moreover, European Union is also concerned with this issue. Previously, there were various proposals to shut down the plant, but as it is of great importance for Armenia, the Armenian government decided that it will continue operating until a new one is built.[18] Radiation is a key concern for both personnel and the environment around the NPP. However design solutions ensure the safety of the Armenian NPP. As far as radioactive releases from NPP are concerned, the barrier system and the application of ALARA principle enable the conservation of sanitary terms, which is irreplaceable from the environmental point of view. The amount of releases into the environment is one hundred times less than allowed. The system is also equipped with a ventilation stack that enables the gaseous waste to be removed into the atmosphere. The ventilation system treats this waste with special filters, and the amount of wastage is monitored. The key stated priorities of the Armenian NPP are as follows: Human health protection, maintaining favorable conditions for population, overall satisfaction of the interests of the society as a whole, ecological and economic interests, rational usage of natural resources, working in accordance with nature protection legislation, openness, cooperation with international companies and organizations.[5] See also{{stack|{{Portal|Armenia|Energy|Nuclear technology}}}}
References1. ^{{cite book|author=International Atomic Energy Agency|title=Country nuclear fuel cycle profiles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TBdPAAAAMAAJ|date=December 2001|publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency}} 2. ^http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2011/04/110412-most-dangerous-nuclear-plant-armenia/ 3. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=Experience Gained from Fires in Nuclear Power Plants: Lessons Learned|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e4FTAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency|isbn=978-92-0-112604-7}} 4. ^1 {{cite book|author1=Samuel Apikyan|author2=David Diamond|title=Nuclear Power and Energy Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NSBuCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA135|date=13 October 2009|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-481-3504-2|pages=135–}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://armeniannpp.am/|title= Official site |website= armeniannpp.am }} 6. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_EM2byc_OocC&pg=PA140|title=Nuclear Risk in Central Asia|author1=Brit Salbu|author2=Lindis Skipperud|date=4 April 2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-8317-4|pages=140–}} 7. ^Armenia: Reopening Metsamor {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003219/http://www.nti.org/db/nisprofs/armenia/bkgndrep.htm |date=2007-09-27 }} 8. ^Armenia Presses Ahead with Nuclear Power Plant Construction 9. ^1 International Experts Find Adequate Safety At Armenian Nuclear Plant 10. ^Adolf Birkhofer Gives Armenian Atomic Energy Plant a Clean Bill of Health{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Hetq Daily, December 2, 2008 11. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/pressreleases/iaea-leads-operational-safety-mission-armenian-nuclear-power-plant |title=IAEA Leads Operational Safety Mission to Armenian Nuclear Power Plant |publisher=IAEA |date=2 June 2011 |accessdate=25 October 2015}} 12. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.neimagazine.com/news/newsarmenian-npp-life-extension-goes-ahead-4698001 |title=Armenian NPP life extension goes ahead |publisher=World Nuclear News |date=20 October 2015 |accessdate=25 October 2015}} 13. ^Itar-Tass {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030212346/http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=12002684&PageNum=0 |date=2007-10-30 }} 14. ^1 Russian Academic: New NPP to Give Armenia Geopolitical Advantage {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531152752/http://www.arka.am/eng/energy/2008/10/24/11736.html |date=2011-05-31 }} 15. ^www.armenialiberty.org ] Wednesday 21, November 2007 16. ^http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-A-F/Armenia/ 17. ^Power Reactor Information System International Atomic Energy Agency: „Armenia, Republic of: Nuclear Power Reactors"{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 18. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.anpp.am/en3_2.htm |title=Nuclear Power in Armenia |website=world-nuclear.org|access-date=2015-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324003606/http://anpp.am/en3_2.htm |archive-date=2016-03-24 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 5 : Nuclear power stations in Armenia|Nuclear power stations built in the Soviet Union|Nuclear power stations using pressurized water reactors|Inter RAO|Nuclear power stations using VVER reactors |
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