| 词条 | Arnold Spencer-Smith |
| 释义 |
| honorific_prefix = The Reverend | name = Arnold Spencer-Smith | image = Spencer-smith.jpg | image_size = | caption = Arnold Spencer-Smith photographed by J. Palmer Clarke in 1907 | birth_name = Arnold Patrick Spencer-Smith | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1883|03|17}}[1] | birth_place = Streatham, Surrey, England | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1916|03|09|1883|03|17}}[1] | death_place = The Antarctic | education = Westminster City School | alma_mater = King's College London Queen's College, Cambridge | occupation = Clergyman }} Arnold Patrick Spencer-Smith (17 March 1883 – 9 March 1916) was a British clergyman and amateur photographer who joined Sir Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1914 to 1917) as chaplain and photographer on the Ross Sea party. The hardship of the expedition resulted in Spencer-Smith's death. Cape Spencer-Smith on White Island at {{coord|78|00|S|167|27|E}} is named in his honour. BiographySpencer-Smith was born on 17 March 1883 in Streatham, Surrey, England: he shared his birthday, 17 March, with Captain Lawrence Oates[1]. He was educated at Westminster City School,[2] King's College London and Queen's College, Cambridge. He did not attend his exams and was given a pass degree BA in history.[1] He was a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. After a few years teaching at Merchiston Castle School, Edinburgh, Spencer-Smith was ordained as deacon into the Scottish Episcopal Church in 1910 at St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh. He served as curate of Christ Church, Morningside (1910-1912) and All Saints, Edinburgh (1913-1914).[3] He was ordained as priest at All Saints' Church Edinburgh shortly before leaving to join the Aurora.[4] Expedition memberSpencer-Smith's interest in travelling to Antarctica may have been kindled as a student at Woodbridge Grammar School in Suffolk. A 1899 school lecture given by a W.W. Mumford on “Arctic Travel & Adventure” touched on the travels of explorers in the Arctic regions, some who perished in their attempts to reach the North Pole and others who lost their lives searching for the North-West passage. Spencer-Smith wrote a report of the lecture for his school magazine. [5] However, it is unclear how he came to join Shackleton's expedition. One version is that he had wanted to enlist in the army at the outbreak of war, but as a clergyman was barred from combatant service. He therefore volunteered himself to Shackleton as a replacement for one of the original party who had left for active service.[6] After arrival in Antarctica his unfamiliarity with polar work and limited physical stamina were in evidence during the first (January–March 1915) depot-laying journey, before he was sent back to base by expedition leader Aeneas Mackintosh.[7] During the 1915 winter season he worked at the Cape Evans base, mainly in the darkroom where he sometimes held religious services.[8] The circumstances of the expedition, after the depletion of the shore party following the loss of SY Aurora in May 1915, meant that Spencer-Smith was required for the main depot journey to the Beardmore Glacier during the 1915–16 summer season, irrespective of his physical limitations.[9] In this he showed no reluctance and worked tirelessly. However, worn down by the preliminary work of hauling stores up to the base depot at Minna Bluff during the four-month period September–December 1915, and the effects of scurvy, he was unable to sustain the physical effort required on the main depot-laying journey south, and collapsed before the Beardmore was reached. Thereafter he had to be carried on the sledge, unable to help himself and dependent on Ernest Wild for his most basic needs.[10] The party nevertheless completed its depot-laying mission and struggled back northward in worsening weather conditions, each man growing weaker as scurvy took hold, and progress forward was with acute difficulty. Spencer-Smith, uncomplaining but in the latter stages occasionally delirious,[11] died on the Barrier on 9 March 1916, aged 32, two days before the safety of Hut Point was finally reached. He was buried in the ice.[12] Spencer-Smith’s condition, along with his expedition leader Aeneas Mackintosh, weakened well before the other man in their three-man hauling party, Ernest Wild. A logical reason why Mackintosh and Spencer-Smith succumbed to scurvy before Wild was their ‘dislike’ of seal meat. At one time some freshly cooked seal meat was brought out for these three men when they were on the Barrier but Wild was the only man to take full advantage of this opportunity to eat fresh food. Both Mackintosh and Spencer-Smith exhibited their dislike of seal meat at this time, as they had before during the previous winter when at the Cape Evans hut.[13] However, Spencer-Smith's health was poor. On 16 February 1915, in his early days of sledging he noted: " I am a little strained on the left side intercostals, I hope, no heart, and shall have to be careful."[14] In August of 1915, before the second season of sledging started, Spencer-Smith was seen to be 'perfectly sound in body and limb' but did have ‘an intermittent heart’. He was told he could go sledging but if he felt any effects of his heart he was to turn back at the earliest possible moment.[15] Arnold Spencer-Smith was unmarried. He dedicated a final diary entry, 7 March 1916, to his father, mother, brothers and sisters. His sister Joan Elizabeth Spencer-Smith (1891–1965) was a notable New Zealand Anglican deaconess and lecturer. He is commemorated by Cape Spencer-Smith on White Island at {{coord|78|00|S|167|27|E}}. Posthumously he was awarded the Polar Medal in silver. His walletIn 1999 a team of investigators entered Captain Scott's hut at Cape Evans, and found a wallet with three photographs of a camping expedition in it. After extensive investigations it was established that this wallet had belonged to Arnold Spencer-Smith.[16] The wallet, mislaid in 1915, was thus found after 84 years.[17] Notes1. ^Tyler-Lewis, p. 77. 2. ^Westminster City School and its Origins by R.Carrington Published by kind permission of the United Westminster Schools Foundation and the Governors of Westminster City School. 1983. 3. ^APS-S biog. summary on http://www.heritage.antarctica.org/AHT/CrewRossSeaParty 4. ^Tyler-Lewis, p. 40. 5. ^McOrist, pp. 17-18. 6. ^Huntford, pp. 412-413. 7. ^Huntford, p. 414. 8. ^Huntford, p. 452. 9. ^It is likely that, had the Aurora remained moored, other members of the ship's party would have fortified the shore party and the physical demands on Spencer-Smith would have lessened 10. ^Bickel, p. 143. 11. ^Bickel, p. 182. 12. ^Bickel, p. 191. 13. ^McOrist, p. 293. 14. ^McOrist, p. 68. 15. ^McOrist, p. 141. 16. ^The Australian, Christmas Weekend Edition 24, 6 December 1999, Bruce Montgomery - cited by Queens 17. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |title=Heroism and Tragedy in the Antarctic |author=Jonathan Holmes |url=http://www.queens.cam.ac.uk/queens/record/2000/History/Antarctic.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812081411/http://www.queens.cam.ac.uk/Queens/Record/2000/History/Antarctic.html |archivedate=August 12, 2007 |accessdate=September 29, 2011}} Sources
9 : English explorers|Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition|Antarctic expedition deaths|1883 births|1916 deaths|Alumni of King's College London|Deaths from scurvy|Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge|Scottish Episcopalian priests |
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