| 词条 | Black-tailed godwit |
| 释义 |
| status = NT | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | image = Black-tailed Godwit Uferschnepfe.jpg | image_caption = breeding plumage | taxon = Limosa limosa | authority = (Linnaeus, 1758) | subdivision_ranks = Subspecies | subdivision = *L. l. limosa Linnaeus, 1758
| range_map = LimosalimosaWorldDistribution.jpg | range_map_caption = Range of L. limosa {{leftlegend|#FFFF64|Breeding range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#69AF5E|Resident range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#695AFF|Wintering range|outline=gray}} | synonyms = *Scolopax aegocephala {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}}
}} The black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa) is a large, long-legged, long-billed shorebird first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. It is a member of the godwit genus, Limosa. There are three subspecies, all with orange head, neck and chest in breeding plumage and dull grey-brown winter coloration, and distinctive black and white wingbar at all times. Its breeding range stretches from Iceland through Europe and areas of central Asia. Black-tailed godwits spend (the northern hemisphere) winter in areas as diverse as the Indian Subcontinent, Australia, New Zealand, western Europe and west Africa. The species breeds in fens, lake edges, damp meadows, moorlands and bogs and uses estuaries, swamps and floods in (the northern hemisphere) winter; it is more likely to be found inland and on freshwater than the similar bar-tailed godwit. The world population is estimated to be 634,000 to 805,000 birds and is classified as Near Threatened. The black-tailed godwit is the national bird of the Netherlands TaxonomyThis species was first described, as Scolopax limosa,[2] by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. Its scientific name is derived from Latin and means "muddy", from limus, "mud".[2] The English name was first recorded in about 1416–17 and is believed to imitate the bird's call.[3] The black-tailed godwit is a member of the genus Limosa (godwits), family Scolopacidae (sandpipers) and order Charadriiformes, the waders.[5] There are three subspecies:[6][7]
DescriptionThe black-tailed godwit is a large wader with long bill ({{Convert|7.5|to|12|cm|in|abbr=on}} long), neck and legs. During the breeding season, the bill has a yellowish or orange-pink base and dark tip; the base is pink in winter. The legs are dark grey, brown or black. The sexes are similar,[2] but in breeding plumage, they can be separated by the male's brighter, more extensive orange breast, neck and head. In winter, adult black-tailed godwits have a uniform brown-grey breast and upperparts (in contrast to the bar-tailed godwit's streaked back). Juveniles have a pale orange wash to the neck and breast.[14] In flight, its bold black and white wingbar and white rump can be seen readily. When on the ground it can be difficult to separate from the similar Bar-tailed Godwit, but the black-tailed godwit's longer, straighter bill and longer legs are diagnostic.[14][6] Black-tailed godwits are similar in body size and shape to bar-taileds, but stand taller.[2] It measures {{convert|42|cm|in|abbr=on}} from bill to tail with a wingspan of {{convert|70|–|82|cm|in|abbr=on}}.[2] Males weigh around {{convert|280|g|oz|abbr=on}} and females {{convert|340|g|oz|abbr=on}}.[5] The female is around 5% larger than the male,[2] with a bill 12–15% longer.[21] The most common call is a strident weeka weeka weeka. A study of black-tailed godwits in the Netherlands found a mortality rate of 37.6% in the first year of life, 32% in the second year, and 36.9% thereafter.[2] Distribution and habitatBlack-tailed godwits have a discontinuous breeding range stretching from Iceland to the far east of Russia.[6] Their breeding habitat is river valley fens, floods at the edges of large lakes, damp steppes, raised bogs and moorlands. An important proportion of the European population now uses secondary habitats: lowland wet grasslands, coastal grazing marshes, pastures, wet areas near fishponds or sewage works, and saline lagoons. Breeding can also take place in sugar beet, potato and rye fields in the Netherlands and Germany.[24] In spring, black-tailed godwits feed largely in grasslands, moving to muddy estuaries after breeding and for winter.[24] On African wintering grounds, swamps, floods and irrigated paddy fields can attract flocks of birds. In India, inland pools, lakes and marshes are used, and occasionally brackish lakes, tidal creeks and estuaries.[2] Godwits from the Icelandic population winter mainly in the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and the Netherlands, though some fly on to Spain, Portugal and perhaps Morocco.[27] Birds of the limosa subspecies from western Europe fly south to Morocco and then on to Senegal and Guinea-Bissau. Birds from the eastern European populations migrate to Tunisia and Algeria, then on to Mali or Chad.[28] Young birds from the European populations stay on in Africa after their first winter and return to Europe at the age of two years.[24] Asian black-tailed godwits winter in Australia, Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. Black-tailed godwits are much more likely to be found on inland wetlands than the more coastal bar-tailed godwit. They migrate in flocks to western Europe, Africa, south Asia and Australia. Although this species occurs in Ireland and Great Britain all year-round, they are not the same birds. The breeding birds depart in autumn, but are replaced in winter by the larger Icelandic race. These birds occasionally appear in the Aleutian Islands and, rarely, on the Atlantic coast of North America. There is an estimated global population of between 634,000 and 805,000 birds and estimated range of {{convert|7,180,000|km2|sqmi}}.[6] In 2006 BirdLife International classified this species as Near Threatened due to a decline in numbers of around 25% in the previous 15 years.[1] It is also among the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies. BehaviourBreedingBlack-tailed godwits are mostly monogamous; although it was not recorded in a four-year study of 50–60 pairs, bigamy was considered "probably frequent".[2] A study of the Icelandic population showed that despite spending winter apart, pairs are reunited on their breeding grounds within an average of three days of each other. If one partner does not arrive on time, 'divorce' occurs.[34] They nest in loose colonies. Unpaired males defend a temporary territory and perform display flights to attract a mate. Several nest scrapes are made away from the courtship territory, and are defended from other godwits. Once eggs are laid, an area of {{convert|30|–|50|m|ft|abbr=on}} around the nest is defended.[2] The nest is a shallow scrape on the ground, usually in short vegetation.[36] The eggs may be hidden with vegetation by the incubating parent.[2] The single brood of three to six eggs, coloured olive-green to dark brown,[2] measure {{convert|55|x|37|mm|in|abbr=on}} and weigh {{convert|39|g|oz|abbr=on}} each (of which 6% is shell).[5] Incubation lasts 22–24 days and is performed by both parents. The young are downy and precocial and are brooded while they are small and at night during colder weather. After hatching, they are led away from the nest and may move to habitats such as sewage farms, lake edges, marshes and mudflats.[2] The chicks fledge after 25–30 days.[5] Black-tailed godwit productivity varies, positively, with spring temperatures. However, during extreme events, such as a volcanic eruption, complete breeding failures can occur.[4] Food and feedingThey mainly eat invertebrates, but also aquatic plants in winter and on migration. In the breeding season, prey includes beetles, flies, grasshoppers, dragonflies, mayflies, caterpillars, annelid worms and molluscs. Occasionally, fish eggs, frogspawn and tadpoles are eaten. In water, the most common feeding method is to probe vigorously, up to 36 times per minute, and often with the head completely submerged. On land, black-tailed godwits probe into soft ground and also pick prey items from the surface.[2] Relationship to humansIn Europe, black-tailed godwits are only hunted in France, with the annual total killed estimated at 6,000 to 8,000 birds. This puts additional pressure on the western European population, and the European Commission has a management plan in place for the species in its member states.[44] In England, black-tailed godwits were formerly much prized for the table.[45] Sir Thomas Browne (1605–1682) said: "[Godwits] were accounted the daintiest dish in England and I think, for the bignesse, of the biggest price." Old names included Blackwit,[45] Whelp, Yarwhelp, Shrieker, Barker and Jadreka Snipe.[47] The Icelandic name for the species is Jaðrakan.[5] References1. ^1 {{cite journal | authors = BirdLife International | title = Limosa limosa | journal = IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume= 2017 (amended version of 2016 assessment) | page = e.T22693150A111611637 | year = 2017 | url = http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/22693150/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22693150A111611637.en | accessdate = 2 June 2018}} [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]2. ^{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page = 227}} 3. ^{{Cite OED |Godwit}} 4. ^{{cite journal |author1=Gunnarsson, T. G. |author2=Jóhannesdóttir, L. | author3=Alves, J. A. |author4=Þórisson, B.|author5=Gill, J. A. | year=2017| title=Effects of spring temperature and volcanic eruptions on wader productivity| journal=Ibis| volume=159| pages=467–471 | doi=10.1111/ibi.12449 | issue=2}} 5. ^1 {{Cite book |last=Greenoak |first=Francesca |title=All The Birds Of The Air |publisher=Book Club Association |year=1979 }} 6. ^1 {{cite news |title=Icelandic birds rely on perfect timing |work=BBC News website |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3737646.stm |publisher=BBC |accessdate=27 April 2009 |date=3 November 2004}} 7. ^1 2 3 {{Cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Graham M. |last2=Heath |first2=Melanie F. |title=Birds in Europe: Their Conservation Status |series=BirdLife Conservation Series |volume=3 |publisher=BirdLife International |location=Cambridge |year=1995 |pages=272–273 |isbn=978-0-946888-29-0}} 8. ^1 {{cite web |title=Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa) |url=http://www.birdguides.com/species/species.asp?sp=057001 |publisher=BirdGuides.com |accessdate=27 April 2009}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web |title=Species factsheet: Limosa limosa |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/factsheet/22693150 |publisher=BirdLife International |accessdate=13 February 2016}} 10. ^1 {{cite web |first=Keith |last=Vinicombe |title=Black-tailed and Bar-tailed Godwits |work=Articles |url=http://www.birdwatch.co.uk/categories/articleitem.asp?cate=23&topic=117&item=441 |publisher=Birdwatch magazine |accessdate=3 January 2011}} 11. ^1 2 {{cite book |last1=Cocker |first1=Mark |last2=Mabey |first2=Richard |title=Birds Britannica |year=2005 |location=London |publisher=Chatto & Windus |pages=113–114 |isbn=978-0-7011-6907-7}} 12. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |first=R.A. |last=Robinson |title=Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa |work=BirdFacts |url=http://blx1.bto.org/birdfacts/results/bob5320.htm |publisher=British Trust for Ornithology |accessdate=27 April 2009}} 13. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 {{Cite book |title=BWPi: The Birds of the Western Palearctic on interactive DVD-ROM |publisher=BirdGuides Ltd. and Oxford University Press |location=London |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-898110-39-2}} 14. ^1 {{Cite book |last=Gooders |first=John |authorlink=John Gooders |title=Collins British Birds |publisher=William Collins Sons & Co Ltd. |location=London |year=1982 |page=182 |isbn=978-0-00-219121-0}} 15. ^1 {{Cite book |last=Clements |first=James F. |authorlink=James Clements |title=The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8014-4501-9 |title-link=The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World }} 16. ^1 2 {{Cite book |last=Mullarney |first=Killian |last2=Svensson |first2=Lars |last3=Zetterstrom |first3=Dan |last4=Grant |first4=Peter |title=Collins Bird Guide |publisher=HarperCollins |location=London |year=1999 |page=148 |isbn=978-0-00-219728-1}} 17. ^1 {{cite web |title=Management Plan for Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/hunting/docs/black_tailed_godwit.pdf |publisher=European Commission |accessdate=27 April 2009}} 18. ^1 {{cite web |title=About the species |work=Icelandic Godwits |url=http://www.uea.ac.uk/~b026515/species.html |publisher=Project Jaðrakan |accessdate=3 January 2011}} }} Further readingIdentification
Separation of limosa and islandica
External links{{Commons category|Limosa limosa}}{{Wikispecies|Limosa limosa}}
5 : Limosa|Birds of Eurasia|Endangered species of the British Isles|Birds described in 1758|Articles containing video clips |
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