| 词条 | Ascain | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Ascain |commune status = Commune |image = Ascain.jpg |caption = Main street in Ascain |image coat of arms = Blason ville fr Ascain (Pyrénées-Atlantiques).svg |arrondissement = Bayonne |canton = Ustaritz-Vallées de Nive et Nivelle |INSEE = 64065 |postal code = 64310 |mayor = Jean-Louis Fournier |term = 2014-2020 |intercommunality = CA Pays Basque |coordinates = {{coord|43.3467|-1.62|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation m = 52 |elevation min m = 5 |elevation max m = 883 |area km2 = 19.27 |population = 4231 |population date = 2015 }} Ascain (Basque Azkaine) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France. The inhabitants of the commune are known as Azkaindar.[1][2] The commune has been awarded three flowers by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.[3] GeographyAscain is part of the urban area of Bayonne in the traditional Basque province of Labourd 13 km east of Irun and {{convert|7|km|abbr=on}} south of Saint-Jean-de-Luz and the Atlantic Ocean in the western foothills of the Pyrenees. The southern tip of the commune touches the border with Spain at the peak of Larrun mountain. Access to the commune is by the D4 road from Urrugne in the north-west coming into the commune from the west then passing through the town and continuing south-east to Sare. The D918 also comes from Saint-Jean-de-Luz in the north and passes through the north of the commune between two urban areas and continuing east to Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle. Some 30% of the commune is residential with some small forests in the north and farmland mostly in the south with some farms in the north.[4] The summit of Larrun, a mountain iconic of the Basque country, is situated approximately {{convert|6|km|abbr=on}} south of the town at the southern tip of the commune on the border with Spain. The summit can be reached by the Petit train de la Rhune, which commences from the Col de Saint-Ignace, {{convert|4|km|abbr=on}} to the east of the town outside the commune on the D4 road to Sare. The Interurban Network of Pyrénées-Atlantiques bus line has two stops in the commune: one for Route 863 which runs from Hasparren to Saint-Jean-de-Luz; and Route 858 between Sare and Saint-Jean-de-Luz. The Nivelle river flows through the north of the commune flowing towards the west parallel to the D918 on its way to the Atlantic Ocean. Several tributaries rise in the south of the commune and flow north, gathering many more tributaries, into the Nivelle. These streams include the Aniberreko Erreka, the Galardiko Erreka, and the Arraioko Erreka. The Larrunko Erreka forms the south-western border of the commune as it flows north then west to join the Intsolako Erreka which continues north to join the Aniberreko Erreka.[4] Places and hamlets[5]{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
| title = Neighbouring communes and villages[4] |width=auto |Centre = Ascain |North = Saint-Jean-de-Luz |Northeast = Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle |East = |Southeast = Sare |South = Spain |Southwest = |West = Biriatou |Northwest = Urrugne }} ToponymyThe commune name in basque is Azkaine.[2] The name Ascain probably comes from haitz gain meaning "top of the hill" or "rocky height".[14][6] The following table details the origins of the commune name and other names in the commune.
HistoryIn 1609 Councillor Pierre de Lancre intervened in French Basque Country at the head of a commission of inquiry demanded by Henri IV. The commission was to "purge the country of all sorcerers and sorceresses under the influence of demons". The priest of Ascain was degraded then burned.[15] The Bishop of Bayonne, Jean VI de Sossiondo, built a large house called "Askunda" here during the middle of the 16th century, which can still be seen. In 1794, at the height of The Terror and after the desertion of 47 young people from Itxassou, the Committee of Public Safety (Decree of 13 Ventôse Year II - 3 March 1794) arrested and deported some of the men, women, and children from Ainhoa, Ascain, Espelette, Itxassou, Sare, and Souraïde; and declared the commune, as for other communes near the Spanish border, a "Notorious commune".[16] This measure was also extended to Biriatou, Cambo, Larressore, Louhossoa, Mendionde, and Macaye. The inhabitants were: "gathered in various national houses or in the District of Ustaritz or in those of the Grande Redoubt, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau".[17] In reality they were gathered in the churches then deported in very precarious conditions[18] to Bayonne, Capbreton, Saint-Vincent-de-Tyrosse, and Ondres. Departments where people from the communes were interned were Lot, Lot-et-Garonne, Gers, Landes, Basses-Pyrénées (the Béarnais part), and Hautes-Pyrénées. The return of the exiles and the recovery of their properties were determined by a series of decrees issued on 29 September and 1 October 1794 - driven in this direction by the Director of Ustaritz: "The former communes of Sare, Itxassou, Ascain, Biriatou, and Serres, whose inhabitants have been interned for eight months as a measure of general security people have not been able to farm. The people who wish to obtain freedom to retire to their homes are clamouring for food without us being able to provide them with the means to fulfil this first human need, hunger".[19] The recovery of property was not done without difficulty: their properties had been sequestered but were not registered and so were looted: "Movable and immovable property of the inhabitants of Sare, were neither legally recognized nor disclosed; all our furniture and household effects were removed and brought confusedly to neighbouring communes. Instead of putting them in safe places, some were sold at auction or to any other party without auction".[20] Heraldry{{Blazon-arms|img1=Blason_ville_fr_Ascain_(Pyrénées-Atlantiques).svg |legend1=Arms of Ascain |text=The arms were adopted by the commune on 26 June 1988.Blazon: Or, an oak Vert terraced in base the same, fruited in Or and trunked proper all debruised by a boar armed Argent bordure of Gules charged with 8 small saltires couped of Or. }} These arms were registered for the first time on 5 July 1405 by Juan Martinez de Agorreta y Ascain, Lord of Agorreta and Ascain, who married Princess Leonor Tocco de Acciaioli, from the Florence House of Acciaioli.[21]{{Better source|reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=October 2015}}[22] AdministrationList of Successive Mayors[23]{{Hidden begin|title=Mayors from 1808 to 1941 |titlestyle = background:palegreen; }}
(Not all data is known) Inter-communalityThe commune is part of eight inter-communal structures:
TwinningAscain has twinning associations with:[24]
DemographyIn 1670 the commune had 300 fires and in 1718 1,560 inhabitants. In 2010 the commune had 4,001 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.[25] {{clear}}{{Table Population Town}}EconomyEconomic activity is mainly agricultural and also tourism. There is a sandstone quarry in the commune. Ascain is part of the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) zone of Ossau-iraty. There are two breweries (Akerbeltz and Oldarki) in the commune. Culture and heritageAccording to the Map of the Seven Basque Provinces edited in 1863 by Prince Louis-Lucien Bonaparte, the basque dialect spoken in Ascain is Labourdin. The film La Danseuse Orchidée by Léonce Perret was partly filmed in Ascain in 1928 with Chiquito de Cambo. Civil heritageThere are several buildings and structures in Ascain that are registered as historical monuments. These are:
The two redoubts were part of the defence by Marshal Soult of the Franco-Spanish border against the British Army under Wellington in 1813. In 1947 the village erected the first Stèle des évadés de France (Stele of escapees of France) in memory of the resistance fighters who left France to join the Free French Forces via Spain during the Second World War. Religious heritageThe Church of the Assumption{{Mérimée Icon}}[31] has some medieval remains. It was enlarged in the 16th and 17th centuries and was inaugurated under Louis XIII in 1626. In 1605 Monseigneur Bertrand d'Etchaux, Bishop of Bayonne, visited the parish of Ascain and permitted "the said parishioners of the said parish to sell or dispose of the tombs that seem good in favour of the proceeds of the sale"... (be used for) ..."the keeping, repair, and completion of the work on the church".[32] Inside the church is a Statue of the Virgin and Child{{Palissy Icon}}[33] which is a cast of a statue from the 14th century: the original in marble, called the Virgin of Longchamp, is preserved in the Musée national du Moyen Âge (National Museum of the Middle Ages) in Paris. Tombstones in pink sandstone from Larrun cover the grounds. The Chapel of Serres, dedicated to Saint Jacques and recently restored was, in the Middle Ages, a waystation on the Way of St. James.[34] FacilitiesEducationThe commune has three primary schools: one public, one private catholic (Sainte-Marie school), and one Ikastola (Basque language school).[35] A Music school (Kornelio), in the form of an associatrion offers classic and traditional training.[36] The Larrundarrak drum band, the Larrun Kanta choir, and the Martintxo-Altxalili association complete the musical offerings of the commune.[36] Sports and Sports facilitiesThere are several sports associations in the commune including associations for athletics, basketball, cycling, traditional dance, gymnastics, basque pelota, hiking, rugby union, and tennis.[36] Notable people linked to the commune
See also
External links
Notes and referencesNotes1. ^Inhabitants of Pyrénées-Atlantiques {{Fr icon}} 2. ^1 Euskaltzaindia - Academy of the Basque language (Basque) 3. ^Ascain in the Competition for Towns and Villages in Bloom {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210053901/http://www.cnvvf.fr/les_villes_et_village_fleuris-47.html |date=December 10, 2014 }} {{Fr icon}} 4. ^1 2 [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ascain/@43.3378256,-1.6015202,13183m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0xd5110e97877fbd9:0x60bd47649f7f8fb4?hl=en Google Maps] 5. ^Géoportail, IGN {{Fr icon}} 6. ^Brigitte Jobbé-Duval, Dictionary of place names - Pyrénées-Atlantiques, 2009, Archives and Culture, {{ISBN|978-2-35077-151-9}} {{Fr icon}} 7. ^Eugène Goyheneche, Basque Country: Soule, Labourd, Basse-Navarre, Société nouvelle d’éditions régionales et de diffusion, Pau, 1979, bnf FRBNF34647711, p. 583 {{Fr icon}} 8. ^1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=2TCHmbiipFIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Topographic Dictionary of the Department of Basses-Pyrenees], Paul Raymond, Imprimerie nationale, 1863, Digitised from Lyon Public Library 15 June 2011 {{Fr icon}} 9. ^Pierre Lhande, Dictionnaire basque-français, 1926. {{Fr icon}} 10. ^1 Jean-Baptiste Orpustan, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ie-LeqGXat8C New Basque Toponymy], Presses universitaires de Bordeaux, 2006, {{ISBN|2 86781 396 4}} {{Fr icon}} 11. ^Manuscript from the 14th century in the Departmental Archives of Pyrénées-Atlantiques {{Fr icon}} 12. ^Chapter of Bayonne in the Departmental Archives of Pyrénées-Atlantiques {{Fr icon}} 13. ^Titles of Labourd in the Departmental Archives of Pyrénées-Atlantiques {{Fr icon}} 14. ^Manuscripts from the 17th and 18th centuries in the Departmental Archives of Pyrénées-Atlantiques {{Fr icon}} 15. ^Philippe Veyrin, The Basques, Arthaud, 1975, {{ISBN|2 7003 0038 6}}, page 249 {{Fr icon}} 16. ^Philippe Veyrin, The Basques, Arthaud, 1975, {{ISBN|2 7003 0038 6}}, page 187 {{Fr icon}} 17. ^National Archives, AF II 133/1014, cited by Manex Goyhenetche in General History of Basque Country, Vol. 4, Elkarlanean, 2002, {{ISBN|2 9131 5646 0}}, page 300 {{Fr icon}} 18. ^The Mayor and the Municipal Officer of Capbreton demanded the consignment by courier of the letter shown below (text transcribed by P. Haristoy, The Parishes of Basque Country during the Revolutionary period, Pau, Vignancour, 1895-1901, pages 256-257 {{Fr icon}}) on 24 ventôse Year II (14 March 1794) for the 229 detainees under their protection: 19. ^National Archives, F11/394, 18 vendémiaire Year III (9 October 1794), cited by Manex Goyhenetche in General History of Basque Country, Vol. 4, Elkarlanean, 2002, {{ISBN|2 9131 5646 0}}, page 309 {{Fr icon}} 20. ^Bulletin of the Society of sciences, letters and arts of Bayonne, 1935, pages 67 to 70, and The Parishes of Basque Country, page 263, Gure Herria, 1930-1932: Sources cited by Manex Goyhenetche in General History of Basque Country, Vol. 4, Elkarlanean, 2002, {{ISBN|2 9131 5646 0}}, page 310 {{Fr icon}} 21. ^Acciaioli family 22. ^the History page on the commune website {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512225547/http://mairie-ascain.fr/fr/ville-dascain/histoire.html |date=2014-05-12 }} {{Fr icon}} 23. ^List of Mayors of France {{Fr icon}} 24. ^[https://pastel.diplomatie.gouv.fr/cncdext/dyn/public/atlas/rechercheAtlasFrance.html;jsessionid=4BB96438AEA4F99041A917F034D24CFD.jvm01995-3 National Commission for Decentralised cooperation] {{Fr icon}} 25. ^At the beginning of the 21st century, the methods of identification have been modified by [https://web.archive.org/web/20130514005038/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000593100&fastPos=1&fastReqId=2036940488&categorieLien=cid&oldAction=rechTexte Law No. 2002-276 of 27 February 2002] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306074946/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000593100 |date=6 March 2016 }}, the so-called "law of local democracy" and in particular Title V "census operations" allows, after a transitional period running from 2004 to 2008, the annual publication of the legal population of the different French administrative districts. For communes with a population greater than 10,000 inhabitants, a sample survey is conducted annually, the entire territory of these communes is taken into account at the end of the period of five years. The first "legal population" after 1999 under this new law came into force on 1 January 2009 and was based on the census of 2006. 26. ^1 Ministry of Culture, Mérimée {{Mérimée|PA64000037|PA64000037 House of Ferdinand Pinney Earle}} {{Fr icon}} 27. ^1 Ministry of Culture, Mérimée {{Mérimée|PA00084570|PA00084570 Redoubt of Biscarzoun}} {{Fr icon}} 28. ^1 Ministry of Culture, Mérimée {{Mérimée|PA00084563|PA00084563 Redoubt of Esnaur}} {{Fr icon}} 29. ^Ministry of Culture, Mérimée {{Mérimée|PA00084323|PA00084323 Roman bridge}} {{Fr icon}} 30. ^1 Ministry of Culture, Mérimée {{Mérimée|PA00084321|PA00084321 Group of nine Stone circles}} {{Fr icon}} 31. ^Ministry of Culture, Mérimée {{Mérimée|PA00084322|PA00084322 Church of the Assumption}} {{Fr icon}} 32. ^Departmental Archives of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, III E 9744, cited by Manex Goyhenetche in his General History of Basque Country, Vol. 3, Elkarlanean, 2001, {{ISBN|2 9131 5634 7}}, page 116 {{Fr icon}} 33. ^Ministry of Culture, Palissy {{Palissy|PM64000048|PM64000048 Statue: Virgin and child}} {{Fr icon}} 34. ^Fascicule, Ascain-Azkaine prefaced by Léon Labayen 35. ^Education page on the commune website {{Fr icon}} 36. ^1 2 Presentation of the main associations in Ascain from the commune website {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512225238/http://mairie-ascain.fr/download/documents/ascain-associations.pdf |date=2014-05-12 }} {{Fr icon}} 37. ^Philippe Veyrin, The Basques, Arthaud, 1975, {{ISBN|2 7003 0038 6}}, page 113 {{Fr icon}} 38. ^Gérard Moutche, What do Basque houses say?, Atlantica, 2010, Paris, {{ISBN|978-2-7588-0177-1}}, pages 58-59. {{Fr icon}} References 1 : Communes of Pyrénées-Atlantiques |
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