| 词条 | Ashio Copper Mine |
| 释义 |
| name = Ashio Copper Mine | image = Ashio Copper Mine circa 1895.JPG | width = | alt = | caption = Ashio Copper Mine circa 1895 | pushpin_map = Japan | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_label = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|36|38|0|N|139|26|23|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | display = | place = Ashio | subdivision_type = Prefecture | state/province = Tochigi | country = Japan | products = Copper | financial year = | type = | amount = | opening year = Before 1600 | active years = | closing year = {{end date|1973}} | owner = | official website = | acquisition year = | stock_exchange = | stock_code = | nrhp = | superfund = }} The Ashio Copper Mine, Ashio, Tochigi prefecture, Japan, became very significant from the end of the 19th century to the mid-20th century. It was the site of major pollution in the 1880s and the scene of the 1907 miners riots. During World War Two the mine was worked by POW slave labour in dreadful conditions.{{ref |url="https://www.legion.org/honor/234908/we-were-determined-get-home"}} HistoryThe Ashio mine has been in existence at least since 1600 when it belonged to the Tokugawa shogunate. At that time it produced about 1,500 tons annually, although this declined when the mine was closed in 1800. It became privately owned in 1871 following the industrialisation initiated by the Meiji restoration. By 1877 it became the property of Furukawa Ichibei, and by the 1880s production had increased dramatically, reaching 4,090 tons by 1885, 78 per cent of the total output of the Furukawa mines and 39 percent of Japan's copper production. The Ashio mine was shut down in 1973. Ashio Copper Mine IncidentThe Ashio Copper Mine Incident is the name given to the environmental disaster that occurred as a result of the Ashio mining operations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. From 1880 onwards, people living along the Watarase and Tone rivers downstream of the mines noticed the water changing colour and the fish dying.[1] Within a decade, the fish population had been almost completely destroyed and around 3000 fishermen in the area were put out of work.[2] Further, the expansion of the Ashio mines necessitated widespread deforestation to meet the mines' demand for timber. This meant that the towns downstream of the mines lost their flood protection.[3] The first major flood resulting from this was in 1890 and it swept down waste from the slag heaps produced by the mines onto the fields, leaving them largely sterile.[4] In 1896, a larger flood followed, causing still further environmental damage.[5] In 1897, after considerable delays, the Japanese government decided to act and Furukawa Corporation, the company running the mine, began to build filtration systems to reduce the problem of pollution.[6] After resigning from the National Diet, ex-representative Shozo Tanaka attempted to deliver a letter of appeal directly to the Emperor himself who was leaving the national Diet. While Tanaka was prevented from handing out the letter, the content of the letter was published by national newspapers, helping to publicise the plight of residents, which prompted the government to act. However the problem did not immediately go away, and protests continued for some years.[7] In 1911, the government passed the Factory Law which was Japan's first law to address industrial pollution.[8] 'Watarase Yusuichi Pond' was created to ease mineral pollution caused by the Ashio incident, and later became one of national Ramsar sites. References1. ^F. G. Notehelfer, 'Japan's First Pollution Incident', Journal of Japanese Studies, 1/2 (1975), p. 361 2. ^Notehelfer, 'Japan's First Pollution Incident', p. 362 3. ^Notehelfer, 'Japan's First Pollution Incident', p. 362 4. ^Notehelfer, 'Japan's First Pollution Incident', p. 362-3 5. ^G. McCormack, 'Modernity, Water, and the Environment in Japan', in W. M. Tsutsui (ed), A Companion to Japanese History, p. 446 6. ^Notehelfer, 'Japan's First Pollution Incident', p. 375 7. ^Notehelfer, 'Japan's First Pollution Incident', p. 376 8. ^{{cite book|last=Imura|first=Hidefumi|title=Environmental Policy in Japan|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|page=18|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3_pgPtf-QoC&pg=PA18|accessdate=November 8, 2013|isbn=978-1-78100-824-9}} External links{{Commons category-inline|Ashio copper mine}}
5 : Copper mines in Japan|Environmental disasters in Japan|2nd-millennium establishments in Japan|1973 disestablishments in Japan|Former mines in Japan |
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