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词条 2002 Überlingen mid-air collision
释义

  1. Flights involved

  2. Accident

  3. Other factors in the crash

     Deviating statements in the official report 

  4. Aftermath

      Murder of Peter Nielsen  

  5. TCAS and conflicting orders

     Prior incident  Technical solutions  Recommendations after the accident 

  6. In popular culture

  7. See also

  8. Notes

  9. References

     Official report 

  10. External links

      On conflicting orders   Official releases  Press   Camphill School    Other  
{{short description|Aviation accident}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}{{Infobox Aircraft occurrence
|name = Bashkirian Airlines Flight 2937
DHL Flight 611
|occurrence_type = Accident
|image =
|caption =
|date = {{start-date|1 July 2002}}
|type = Mid-air collision
|site = Überlingen, Germany
|summary = Collision caused by ATC confusion and compounded by ambiguity in TCAS operation
|coords = {{coord |47|46|42|N|9|10|26|E |display=inline,title |region:DE-BW_type:landmark_scale:30000}}
|total_fatalities = 71 (all)
|total_survivors = 0
|plane1_type = Tupolev-Tu-154M
|plane1_image = Bashkirian Airlines Tupolev Tu-154M KvW-1.jpg
|plane1_caption = RA-85816, the accident aircraft, in July 1998, prior to its lease to Transeuropean Airlines.
|plane1_operator = Bashkirian Airlines
|plane1_tailnum = RA-85816
|plane1_origin = {{nowrap|Domodedovo Int'l Airport[1][2]}}
Moscow, Russia
|plane1_destination = Barcelona Int'l Airport
Barcelona, Spain
|plane1_passengers = 60 (including 45 children)
|plane1_crew = 9
|plane1_fatalities = 69
|plane1_survivors = 0
|plane2_type = Boeing 757-23APF[2]
|plane2_image = SNAS Aviation Boeing 757 JetPix.jpg
|plane2_caption = A9C-DHL, the Boeing 757 involved in the accident, in August 1996.
|plane2_operator = DHL
|plane2_tailnum = A9C-DHL [3]
|plane2_origin = Bahrain Int'l Airport
Manama, Bahrain[5][4]
|plane2_stopover = Orio al Serio Airport
Bergamo, Italy
|plane2_destination = Brussels Airport
Brussels, Belgium
|plane2_passengers = 0
|plane2_crew = 2
|plane2_fatalities = 2
|plane2_survivors = 0
}}

On the night of 1 July 2002, Bashkirian Airlines Flight 2937, a Tupolev Tu-154 passenger jet, and DHL Flight 611, a Boeing 757 cargo jet, collided in mid-air over Überlingen, a southern German town on Lake Constance. All 69 passengers and crew aboard the Tupolev and the two crew members of the Boeing were killed.[5]

The official investigation by the German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation ({{lang-de|Bundesstelle für Flugunfalluntersuchung}}, (BFU)) identified as the main cause of the collision a number of shortcomings on the part of the Swiss air traffic control service in charge of the sector involved, and also ambiguities in the procedures regarding the use of TCAS, the on-board aircraft collision avoidance system.[6]

A year and a half after the crash, on 24 February 2004, Peter Nielsen, the air traffic controller on duty at the time of the collision, was murdered in an apparent act of revenge by Vitaly Kaloyev, a Russian citizen who had lost his wife and two children in the accident.[7][8][9][10]

Flights involved

Bashkirian Airlines Flight 2937 was a chartered flight from Moscow, Russia, to Barcelona, Spain, carrying sixty passengers and nine crew.[11] Forty-five of the passengers were Russian schoolchildren from the city of Ufa in Bashkortostan on a school trip organised by the local UNESCO committee to the Costa Dorada area of Spain.[12][13][14][15]

Most of the parents of the children were high-ranking officials in Bashkortostan.[16] One of the fathers was the head of the local UNESCO committee.[17]

The aircraft, a Tupolev Tu-154M registered as {{Airreg|RA|85816|,}} was piloted by an experienced Russian crew: 52-year-old Captain Alexander Mihailovich Gross (Александр Михайлович Гросс) and 40-year-old First Officer Oleg Pavlovich Grigoriev (Олег Павлович Григорьев). The captain had more than 12,000 flight hours to his credit. Grigoriev, the chief pilot of Bashkirian Airlines, had 8,500 hours of flying experience and his task was to evaluate Captain Gross's performance throughout the flight. 41-year-old Murat Ahatovich Itkulov (Мурат Ахатович Иткулов), a seasoned pilot with close to 7,900 flight hours who was normally the first officer, did not officially serve on duty due to this being the captain's assessment flight. 50-year-old Sergei Gennadyevich Kharlov (Сергей Геннадьевич Харлов), a flight navigator with approximately 13,000 flight hours, and 37-year-old Flight Engineer Oleg Irikovich Valeev (Олег Ирикович Валеев), who had almost 4,200 flight hours, joined the three pilots in the cockpit.[20]

DHL Flight 611, a Boeing 757-23APF cargo aircraft registered as {{Airreg|A9C|DHL|,}} had originated in Bahrain and was being flown by two Bahrain-based[13][18] pilots, 47-year-old British Captain Paul Phillips and 34-year-old Canadian First Officer Brant Campioni.[15] Both pilots were very experienced — the captain had logged close to 12,000 flight hours and the first officer had accumulated more than 6,600 flight hours. At the time of the accident, the aircraft was en route from Bergamo, Italy, to Brussels, Belgium.

Accident

{{Location map
|Germany |relief=1|label=Site of the crash |mark=Green pog.svg
|lat_deg=47 |lat_min=46 |lon_deg=9 |lon_min=10
|position=right |width=220 |float=right |caption=The crash site, approximately 47° 46′ 42″ N, 9° 10′ 26″ E.
}}

The two aircraft were flying at flight level 360 (10,973 meters; 36,000 feet) on a collision course. Despite being just inside the German border, the airspace was controlled from Zürich, Switzerland, by the private Swiss airspace control company Skyguide.The only air traffic controller handling the airspace, Peter Nielsen, was working two workstations at the same time.[11] Partly due to the added workload, and partly due to delayed radar data,[19] he did not realise the problem in time and thus failed to keep the aircraft at a safe distance from each other.[11] Less than a minute before the accident he realised the danger and contacted Flight 2937, instructing the pilot to descend to flight level 350 to avoid collision with crossing traffic (Flight 611).[11] Seconds after the Russian crew initiated the descent, their traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS) instructed them to climb, while at about the same time the TCAS on Flight 611 instructed the pilots of that aircraft to descend.[20] Had both aircraft followed those automated instructions, the collision would not have occurred.[21]

Flight 611's pilots on the Boeing jet followed the TCAS instructions and initiated a descent, but could not immediately inform Nielsen because the controller was dealing with Flight 2937. About eight seconds before the collision, Flight 611's descent rate was about {{convert|2400|ft/min|m/s|order=flip}}, not quite as rapid as the {{convert|2500|to|3000|ft/min|m/s|abbr=on|order=flip}} range advised by that jet's TCAS; as for the Tupolev, the pilot disregarded his jet's TCAS instruction to climb, having already commenced his descent as instructed by the controller.[22] Thus, both planes were now descending.

Unaware of the TCAS-issued alerts, Nielsen repeated his instruction to Flight 2937 to descend, giving the Tupolev crew incorrect information as to the position of the DHL plane (telling them that the Boeing was to the right of the Tupolev when it was in fact to the left).[23]

Eight seconds before the collision, Flight 2937's crew finally realised the problem when they gained visual sight of Flight 611 incoming from the left. Flight 611, in response increased its descent rate.[24][25] Two seconds before the collision, Flight 2937's pilots finally obeyed the jet's TCAS instruction to climb and attempted to put the aircraft into a climb, but the collision was now inevitable. The aircraft collided at 23:35:32 local time, at almost a right angle at an altitude of {{convert|34890|ft|m|order=flip}}, with the Boeing's vertical stabiliser slicing completely through Flight 2937's fuselage just ahead of the Tupolev's wings. The Tupolev broke into several pieces, scattering wreckage over a wide area.[11] The nose section of the aircraft fell vertically, while the tail section with the engines continued, stalled, and fell. The crippled Boeing, now with 80% of its vertical stabiliser lost, struggled for a further seven kilometres (four miles) before crashing into a wooded area close to the village of Taisersdorf at a 70-degree downward angle. Each engine ended up several hundred metres away from the main wreckage, and the tail section was torn from the fuselage by trees just before impact.[26] All 69 people on the Tupolev, and the two on board the Boeing, died.[27][11]

Other factors in the crash

Only one air traffic controller, Peter Nielsen of ACC Zurich, was controlling the airspace through which the aircraft were flying.[11] The other controller on duty was resting in another room for the night. This was against SkyGuide's regulations but had been a common practice for years and was known and tolerated by management.[11] Maintenance work was being carried out on the main radar image processing system, which meant that the controllers were forced to use a fallback system.[28] The ground-based optical collision warning system, which would have alerted the controller to the pending collision approximately 2{{frac|2}} minutes before it happened,[29] had been switched off for maintenance;[11] Nielsen was unaware of this.[30] There still was an aural STCA warning system, which released a warning addressed to workstation RE SUED at 23:35:00 (32 seconds before the collision); this warning was not heard by anyone present at that time, although no error in this system could be found in a subsequent technical audit — however, whether or not this audible warning is functional is not something which is technically logged. Even if Nielsen had heard this warning, at that time finding a useful resolution order by the air traffic controller is impossible.[31]

Deviating statements in the official report

All countries involved could add additional "deviating" statements to the official report. The Kingdom of Bahrain, Switzerland, and the Russian Federation did submit positions that were published with the official report. The U.S. did not submit deviating positions. The deviating statements were published verbatim as an appendix to the report by the German federal investigators.[32]

The statement by the Kingdom of Bahrain, the home country of the DHL plane, mostly agrees with the findings of the report. It says that the report should have put less emphasis on the actions of individuals and more on the faults within Skyguide's organisation and management. Bahrain's statement also mentions the lack of crew resource management in the Tupolev's cockpit as a factor in the crash.[32]

The Russian Federation states that the Russian pilots were unable to obey the TCAS advisory to climb; the advisory was given when they were already at {{convert|35500|ft|order=flip}} while the controller wrongly stated there was conflicting traffic above them at {{convert|36000|ft|order=flip}}. Also, the controller gave the wrong position of the DHL plane (2 o'clock instead of the actual 10 o'clock).[33] Russia asserts that the DHL crew had a "real possibility" to avoid a collision since they were able to hear the conversation between the Russian crew and the controller.[32]

Switzerland notes that the Tupolev was about {{convert|33|m}} below the flight level ordered by the Swiss controller, and still descending at {{convert|1900|ft/min|order=flip}}. The Swiss say that this was also a cause of the accident. Switzerland also requested that the BFU make a formal finding that the TCAS advisories would have been useful if obeyed immediately; the BFU declined to do so.[32]

Aftermath

Nielsen needed medical attention due to traumatic stress caused by the accident.[34] At Skyguide, his former colleagues maintained a vase with a white rose over Nielsen's former workstation.[35] Skyguide, after initially having blamed the Russian pilot for the accident, accepted full responsibility and asked relatives of the victims for forgiveness.[36]

According to news reports, Skyguide did pay out compensations to the families of the dead children. Under international aviation laws,{{failed verification|date=February 2018}} the compensation amount was about SFr30,000 ($34,087) to SFr36,000. The Swiss Federal Court turned down appeals from some relatives for higher compensation in 2011.[37]

On 27 July 2006, a court in Konstanz decided that the Federal Republic of Germany should pay compensation to Bashkirian Airlines. The court found that Germany was legally responsible for the actions of Skyguide. The government appealed the ruling,[38] but in late 2013 Bashkirian Airlines and the Federal Republic of Germany reached a tacit agreement, ending the court case before a decision on the legal issues was reached.[39]

In another case before the court in Konstanz, Skyguide's liability insurance is suing Bashkirian Airlines for 2.5 million euro in damages. The case was opened in March 2008; the legal questions are expected to be difficult, as the airline has filed for bankruptcy under Russian law.[38]

A criminal investigation of Skyguide began in May 2004. On 7 August 2006, a Swiss prosecutor filed manslaughter charges against eight employees of Skyguide. The prosecutor called for prison terms of up to 15 months if found guilty.[40] The verdict was announced in September 2007. Three of the four managers convicted were given suspended prison terms and the fourth was ordered to pay a fine.[33] Another four Skyguide employees were cleared of any wrongdoing.[41]

Murder of Peter Nielsen

Devastated by the loss of his wife and two children aboard flight 2937, Vitaly Kaloyev, a Russian architect, held Peter Nielsen responsible for their deaths.[33] He tracked down and stabbed Nielsen to death, in the presence of his wife and three children, at his home in Kloten, near Zürich, on 24 February 2004.[35][42] The Swiss police arrested Kaloyev at a local motel shortly after, and in 2005 he was sentenced to prison for the murder. He was released in November 2007 because his mental condition was not sufficiently considered in the initial sentence. In January 2008, he was appointed deputy construction minister of North Ossetia.[43] In 2016, Kaloyev was awarded the highest state medal by the government, the medal "To the Glory of Ossetia".[33] The medal is awarded for the highest achievements, improving the living conditions of the inhabitants of the region, for educating the younger generation and maintaining law and order.[44]

TCAS and conflicting orders

The accident raised questions as to how pilots must react when they receive conflicting orders from the TCAS and from air traffic control (ATC). TCAS was a relatively new technology at the time of the accident, having been mandatory[45] in Europe since 2000.[46] When the TCAS issues a resolution advisory (RA), the pilot flying should respond immediately by direct attention to RA displays and maneuver as indicated, unless doing so would jeopardise the safe operation of the flight, or unless the flight crew can assure separation with the help of definitive visual acquisition of the aircraft causing the RA.[47] In responding to a TCAS RA that directs a deviation from assigned altitude, the flight crew should communicate with ATC as soon as practicable after responding to the RA. When the RA is removed, the flight crew should advise ATC that they are returning to their previously assigned clearance or should acknowledge any amended clearance issued.[47]

While the TCAS is programmed to assume that both crews will promptly follow the system's instructions, the operations manual did not clearly state that TCAS should always take precedence over any ATC commands.[48] The manual described TCAS as "a backup to the ATC system", which could be wrongly interpreted to mean that ATC instructions have higher priority.[49] This ambiguity was replicated in the Tu-154 Flight Operations Manual, which contained contradictory sections. On the one hand, chapter 8.18.3.4 emphasised the role of the ATC and describes the TCAS as an "additional aid",[50] while chapter 8.18.3.2 forbade manoeuvers contrary to the TCAS.[51] The BFU recommended that this ambiguity should be resolved in favor of obeying TCAS advisories even when these were in conflict with ATC instructions.[52]

Prior incident

Seventeen months before the Bashkirian Airlines-DHL collision there had already been another incident involving confusion between conflicting TCAS and ATC commands. In 2001, two Japanese airliners nearly collided with each other in Japanese skies. One of the aircraft had received conflicting orders from the TCAS and ATC; one pilot followed the instructions of the TCAS while the other did not. A collision was only averted because one of the pilots made evasive maneuvers based on a visual judgement. The aircraft missed each other by about {{convert|135|m|ft|order=flip}}, and the abrupt maneuver necessary to avert disaster left 100 occupants injured on one aircraft, some seriously.[53]{{rp|pages=2,176,134,22}} In its report, published eleven days after the Überlingen accident, Japan called on the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to make it clear that TCAS advisories should always take precedence over ATC instructions. ICAO accepted this recommendation and amended its regulations in November 2003.[54]

Technical solutions

Before this accident a change proposal (CP 112)[55] for the TCAS II system had been issued. This proposal would have created a "reversal" of the original warning – asking the DHL plane to climb and the Tupolev crew to descend.[56] According to an analysis by Eurocontrol this would have avoided the collision if the DHL crew had followed the new instructions and the Tupolev had continued to descend.[56] All TCAS II equipped aircraft have been upgraded to support RA reversal.[57]

Additionally, an automatic downlink for the TCAS – which would have alerted the controller that a TCAS advisory had been issued to the aircraft under his control, and notified him of the nature of that advisory – had not been deployed worldwide at the time of the accident.[58]{{failed verification|date=April 2015}}

Recommendations after the accident

The investigation report contains a number of recommendations concerning TCAS, calling for upgrades and for better training and clearer instructions to the pilots.[59]

In popular culture

  • The collision featured in "Deadly Crossroads", a Season 2 (2004) episode of the Canadian TV series Mayday[60] (called Air Emergency and Air Disasters in the U.S. and Air Crash Investigation in the UK and elsewhere around the world). The dramatisation was broadcast in the United States with the title "A Father's Revenge"; and with the title "Mid-Air Collision" in the United Kingdom, Australia and Asia.
  • The flight was also included in a Mayday Season 8 (2009) Science of Disaster special titled "System Breakdown",[61] which looked at the role of air traffic controllers in aviation disasters.
  • The crash and the subsequent killing of the air traffic controller were used as the basis of a 2009 motion picture produced by German and Swiss TV stations SWR and SF, called Flug in die Nacht – Das Unglück von Überlingen (Flight into the night – the accident at Überlingen).[62]
  • The song Ballad of Vitaly by American band Delta Spirit from their 2010 album History from Below recounts the story of the crash and the actions of Vitaly Kaloyev following the crash.
  • The National Geographic Channel documentary series Seconds From Disaster featured this mid-air collision in the episode entitled "Collision at 35,000 feet", released on 26 September 2011.[63]
  • The 2017 American film Aftermath is loosely based on the aftermath of the disaster, with Arnold Schwarzenegger portraying a character largely based on Kaloyev.[64]
  • The 2018 Russian film Unforgiven is based on the Überlingen mid-air collision with Dmitry Nagiyev portraying Kaloyev.[65]
  • In February 2019, Casefile True Crime Podcast covered the story of the mid-air collision and the murder of Peter Nielsen in Case 106 (Parts 1 and 2).

See also

{{Portal|Aviation|Criminal justice|Disasters|Germany|Russia|2000s}}
  • List of notable civilian mid-air collisions
  • 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident

Notes

1. ^Section 1.1 "History of the flights", page 6
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.planespotters.net/Production_List/Boeing/757/24635.html |title=A9C-DHL DHL International {{!}} DHX611 {{!}} Boeing 757-23APF - cn 24635 / ln 258 |website=Planespotters.net |access-date=6 September 2008 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081011155701/http://www.planespotters.net/Production_List/Boeing/757/24635.html |archivedate=11 October 2008 |deadurl=yes}}
3. ^Test run reg: N3502P, Original registrations: 9J-AFO, VH-AWE and OO-DLK
4. ^"Mid-air collision of 1 July 2002: sequence of events" (Skyguide). {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927231117/http://www.skyguide.ch/en/MediaRelations/MediaReleases/ArchivedReleases/INMR2002_07_02M_UEBERLINGEN_SEQUENCE_OF_EVENTS.pdf |date=27 September 2011 }}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.aktuell.ru/russland/hintergrund_information/passagierliste_flug_2937_der_verunglueckten_tu_154_der_bashkirian_airlines_5.html |title=Passenger List |access-date=21 November 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081029064630/http://www.aktuell.ru/russland/hintergrund_information/passagierliste_flug_2937_der_verunglueckten_tu_154_der_bashkirian_airlines_5.html| archivedate= 29 October 2008 | deadurl= no}}
6. ^Section 3.2 "Causes", page 110
7. ^{{cite news|last1=Bott|first1=Martin|last2=Paterson|first2=Tony|title=Father of air-crash victims guilty of revenge killing|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/father-of-air-crash-victims-guilty-of-revenge-killing-322535.html|access-date=4 November 2017|work=The Independent|publisher=Independent Digital News & Media|date=26 October 2005}}
8. ^{{cite news |title=Father killed air traffic chief over fatal crash |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article582890.ece |work=The Sunday Times |location=London |access-date=28 December 2010 |first=Roger |last=Boyes |date=26 October 2005}}
9. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=455&id=2146352005 |title=Father 'saw black' as he killed air traffic controller |access-date=18 January 2007 |last=Wolfsteller |first=Pilar |work=The Scotsman|location=Edinburgh |date=26 October 2005}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
10. ^{{cite news |first1=Luke |last1=Harding |first2=Nick |last2=Paton Walsh |date=28 February 2004 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/russia/article/0,2763,1158361,00.html |title=Nothing left to lose: grief-crazed murder suspect haunted by family's air deaths |work=The Guardian |location=London | access-date=8 April 2008 }}
11. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{Cite web|url=https://casefilepodcast.com/case-106-peter-nielsen-part-1/|title=Case 106: Peter Nielsen (Part 1)|date=2019-02-02|website=Casefile: True Crime Podcast|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-24}}
12. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=455&id=738632002 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050330222255/http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=455&id=738632002 |archivedate=30 March 2005 |title=Jet pilot's 14 seconds dilemma before fatal crash |access-date=18 January 2007 |last=Gallagher |first=Paul |work=The Scotsman|location=Edinburgh |date=9 July 2002}}
13. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/07/02/midair.crash1340/index.html |title=Vain attempt to avert deadly crash |publisher=CNN |date=2 July 2002 |access-date=9 April 2010 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514125708/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/07/02/midair.crash1340/index.html |archive-date=14 May 2010 }}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001265/126505e.pdf |format=PDF (12KiB) |title=Address by Mr Koïchiro Matsuura, Director-General of UNESCO, on receiving the International Prize of St Andrew for promoting dialogue among civilizations |date=3 July 2002 |access-date=9 April 2010 |publisher=UNESCO |author=Koïchiro Matsuura}}
15. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://archive.nsnews.com/issues02/w070102/071302/news/071302nn2.html |title=Family devastated by pilot's death |access-date=18 January 2007 |last=Wild |first=Matthew |publisher=North Shore News |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714203805/http://archive.nsnews.com/issues02/w070102/071302/news/071302nn2.html |archive-date=14 July 2011 }}
16. ^"Children's holiday party on doomed plane." CNN. 4 July 2002. Retrieved on 28 April 2010. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100512130944/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/07/02/russia.crash/ |date=12 May 2010 }}
17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsru.com/world/02jul2002/aviacrash.html|title=В небе Германии столкнулись Ту-154 и Boeing 757: 71 человек погиб|website=www.newsru.com|access-date=24 July 2016}}
18. ^{{cite news |date=2 July 2002 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2081653.stm |title=British pilot 'tried to avert disaster' |publisher=BBC| access-date=8 April 2008 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080506020219/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2081653.stm| archivedate= 6 May 2008| deadurl= no}}
19. ^{{cite news| title =Plane Crash Remembered; One Mourner Not Welcome |publisher= The New York Times | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/01/world/europe/killer-of-air-traffic-controller-barred-from-crash-memorial.html | access-date = 30 April 2006 }}
20. ^Section 4 "Safety Recommendations", pages 111–113
21. ^Section 1.16.2 "ACAS/TCAS II analysis", page 34
22. ^Section 2.7 "Analysis summary", pages 104–106
23. ^Section 2.4.1 "ATC Zurich", page 76
24. ^Section 2.2.1 "Boeing B757-200", pages 68–69
25. ^Section 2.2.2 "Tupolev TU154M", pages 69–71
26. ^Section 1.12 "Wreckages and impacts information", pages 19–33
27. ^Section 1.2 "Injuries to persons", page 9
28. ^Section 1.17.1 "ATC Zurich", pages 35–42
29. ^Section 2.6.1.4 "Warning systems", page 88
30. ^page 89
31. ^page 89
32. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.bfu-web.de/EN/Publications/Investigation%20Report/2002/Report_02_AX001-1-2_Ueberlingen_Appendix_2-10.pdf?__blob=publicationFile,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf/Report_02_AX001-1-2_%C3%9Cberlingen_Appendix_2-10.pdf |title=Appendices/Deviating positions for Investigation Report AX001-1-2/02 MAY 2004 |access-date=5 May 2008|format=PDF}}
33. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=https://casefilepodcast.com/case-106-peter-nielsen-part-2/|title=Case 106: Peter Nielsen (Part 2)|date=2019-02-09|website=Casefile: True Crime Podcast|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-24}}
34. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/europe/2087253.stm|title=Air crash safety device switched off|publisher=BBC NEWS|access-date=14 July 2009|date=3 July 2002}}
35. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.skyguide.ch/en/Dossiers/DossierUeberlingen/ |title=Information regarding the air accident at Überlingen on 1 July 2002 |publisher=Skyguide |access-date=14 July 2009 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091110144925/http://www.skyguide.ch/en/Dossiers/DossierUeberlingen |archive-date=10 November 2009 }}
36. ^{{Cite news| title = Plane crash killing trial starts|publisher=BBC News| date = 25 October 2005| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4375338.stm | access-date=8 April 2008 }}
37. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/court-upholds-skyguide-compensation/30259716|title=Court upholds Skyguide compensation|work=SWI swissinfo.ch|access-date=19 September 2017|language=en}}
38. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/stz/page/detail.php/1688427 |title=Katastrophe von Überlingen – Flugunglück beschäftigt Landgericht |publisher=Stuttgarter Zeitung |date=20 April 2008 |access-date=7 June 2009 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421192754/http://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/stz/page/detail.php/1688427 |archive-date=21 April 2008 }}
39. ^{{cite news |title=12 Jahre nach dem Flugzeugunglück bei Überlingen: Wer verantwortet den Himmel über Südbaden? |author=Nils Köhler |url=http://www.suedkurier.de/nachrichten/baden-wuerttemberg/12-Jahre-nach-dem-Flugzeugunglueck-bei-Ueberlingen-Wer-verantwortet-den-Himmel-ueber-Suedbaden;art417930,7194240 |newspaper=Südkurier |date=23 August 2014 |access-date=18 July 2015}}
40. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6656487.stm |title=Swiss go on trial over air crash|publisher=BBC|date=15 May 2007|access-date=15 May 2007}}
41. ^{{cite news|date=4 September 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6977136.stm |title=Four guilty over Swiss air crash|publisher=BBC| access-date=8 April 2008 }}
42. ^"[https://web.archive.org/web/20040226025158/http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/02/25/swiss.stabbing/index.html Swiss air crash controller killed]." CNN. Wednesday 25 February 2004. Retrieved on 29 January 2010.
43. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/russia-hails-vitaly-kaloyev-a-hero-tnjz3nswr9h|archive-url=https://archive.is/20170908152828/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/russia-hails-vitaly-kaloyev-a-hero-tnjz3nswr9h|dead-url=yes|archive-date=8 September 2017|title=Russia hails Vitaly Kaloyev a hero|last=Franchetti|first=Mark|date=10 February 2008|work=The Sunday Times|access-date=8 September 2017|location=London}}
44. ^[https://www.stav.kp.ru/daily/26487/3357178/ https://www.stav.kp.ru/daily/26487/3357178 Vitaly Kaloyev awarded with the medal "To the Glory of Ossetia"]ALEXEY DROBOTOV
45. ^TCAS was mandatory for aircraft with a maximum certified take-off weight of over 30 tonnes or a seating capacity of over thirty passengers. Both aircraft involved in this accident met the criteria for mandatory TCAS installation.
46. ^page 45
47. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/TCAS%20II%20V7.1%20Intro%20booklet.pdf|title=Introduction to TCAS II Version 7.1|work=Federal Aviation Administration|date=28 February 2011}}
48. ^page 103: "Paragraph 6.1 of the TCAS Pilot's Guide states "TCAS 2000 is intended as a back-up to visual collision avoidance, application of 'right-of-way' rules, and ATC separation services", and leaves a degree of ambiguity over the interpretation of the term 'back-up'."
49. ^page 80 "The wording "TCAS is a backup to the ATC system..." could be interpreted that ATC takes priority to TCAS"
50. ^page 53 "For the avoidance of in-flight collisions is the visual control of the situation in the airspace by the crew and the correct execution of all instructions issued by the Air Traffic Controller to be viewed as the most important tool. TCAS is an additional instrument that ensures the timely determination of oncoming traffic, the classification of the risk and, if necessary, planning of an advice for a vertical avoidance manoeuvre." – TU154M Flight Operations Manual
51. ^page 103
52. ^page 111 "Safety Recommendation 18/2003"
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mlit.go.jp/jtsb/eng-air_report/JA8904.pdf|title=Aircraft Accident Investigation Report JAL907/JAL958|work=Aircraft and Railway Accidents Investigation Commission|date=12 July 2002|access-date=31 October 2015}}
54. ^Flight Safety Digest, March 2004
55. ^Change proposal CP112E {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109091211/http://adsb.tc.faa.gov/TCAS/CPs/CP112E.pdf |date=9 January 2009 }}
56. ^1 page 35
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nbaa.org/ops/cns/tcas/20120330-version-7-1.php|title=TCAS II Version 7.1 Requirements Coming to European Union|work=National Business Aviation Association|date=30 March 2012|access-date=22 February 2015}}
58. ^page 50
59. ^Section 4 "Safety Recommendations", pages 111–113
60. ^1 {{Cite episode|title=Deadly Crossroads|series=Mayday|network=Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic Channel|season=2|number=4|year=2004}}
61. ^{{Cite episode|title=System Breakdown|series=Mayday|network=Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic Channel|season=8|number=1|year=2009}}
62. ^{{IMDb title|1370431|Flug in die Nacht – Das Unglück von Überlingen}}
63. ^{{Citation|last=Air Crash Disaster|title=Air Crash Investigation DHL Flight 611 Deadly Mid Air Crash The Überlingen Disaster|date=2017-02-11|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6NId-3CWoE|access-date=2019-02-24}}
64. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.ecartelera.com/noticias/23825/arnold-schwarzenegger-padre-vengativo-478|title=Arnold Schwarzenegger se convertirá en un padre vengativo en el drama '478' (Arnold Schwarzenegger will become a vengeful father in the drama '478')|last1=Da Costa|first1=Diego|date=24 June 2015|work=ecartelera.com|access-date=23 June 2015|archive-url=https://archive.is/20160201225534/http://www.ecartelera.com/noticias/23825/arnold-schwarzenegger-padre-vengativo-478/|archive-date=1 February 2016|dead-url=}}
65. ^[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7394636/ IMDB Movie Page for "Unforgiven 2018" Film]

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

Official report

{{cite web |url=http://www.bfu-web.de/EN/Publications/Investigation%20Report/2002/Report_02_AX001-1-2_Ueberlingen_Report.pdf?__blob=publicationFile |title=Investigation Report AX001-1-2 (English) |date=2 May 2004 |access-date=17 January 2007 |format=PDF |publisher=German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Investigation |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070123052035/http://www.bfu-web.de/cln_003/nn_53140/EN/Publications/Investigation_20Report/2002/Report__02__AX001-1-2___C3_9Cberlingen__Report%2CtemplateId%3Draw%2Cproperty%3DpublicationFile.pdf/Report_02_AX001-1-2_%C3%9Cberlingen_Report.pdf |archivedate=23 January 2007 |deadurl=no |df=dmy-all }}{{Reflist|2|group=BFU}}

External links

{{Commons category|Überlingen mid-air collision}}
  • Final Report – German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Investigation (English)
    • Appendices 1 and 3
    • Appendices 2 and 4–10
  • Final Report – German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Investigation {{de icon}} – The German version is the version of record.
    • Appendices 1 and 3 {{de icon}}
    • Appendix 2 {{de icon}}
  • "[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716094827/http://www.skyguide.ch/en/Dossiers/DossierUeberlingen/ Information regarding the air accident at Überlingen on 1 July 2002]." Skyguide.
  • Davies, Barbara. "THE LOST CHILDREN; EXCLUSIVE Plane crash that robbed a Russian city of its youth." The Daily Mirror. 13 July 2002. – Includes partial victim list
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20071008234822/http://www.lgkonstanz.de/servlet/PB/show/1201157/urteil_im_flugzeugunglueck_ueberlingen.pdf District Court of Konstanz Bashkirian Airlines v. Federal Republic of Germany] {{de icon}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20110719004534/http://www.feuerwehr-owingen.de/Flugzeugabsturz Photo documentary from Owingen Fire Dept.] (German) – Official website from Owingen Fire Dept. with photos from a firefighter's perspective
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20120204185819/http://www.humanfactors.uiuc.edu/Reports%26PapersPDFs/humfac04/nuneslaur.pdf Identifying the factors that contributed to the Ueberlingen mid-air collision] (PDF 322 KB) – University of Illinois
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20080415234537/http://www.bruecke-nach-ufa.de/kyrill%20degtjarew/pages/Auge%201999%20Nr.25.htm Gallery of crash victim Kyrill Degtyarev's works]
  • 'The Uberlingen mid-air collision: Lessons for the management of control rooms in the process industries', Loss Prevention Bulletin issue 196, 2007, IChemE, UK.
  • 'Work Practice Simulation of Complex Human-Automation Systems: The Brahms Generalized Überlingen Model'

On conflicting orders

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20060928012414/http://www.eurocontrol.int/msa/gallery/content/public/documents/acas/ACAS_Bulletin_1.pdf ACAS II bulletin from Eurocontrol: Follow the RA!](PDF)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20060928012417/http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP579.PDF ACAS guiding material: CAP 579] (PDF)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20140709131559/http://www.defence.gov.au/dgta/Documents/AMIP%20Documents/AMIP%20data/AMIP%20Presentations/Script%20for%20Ueberlingen%20Mid%20Air%20-%209%20Jun%2006.doc Script for Case Study – Mid Air Collision over Ueberlingen]

{{Aviation accidents and incidents in Germany}}{{Aviation incidents and accidents in 2002}}{{Lists of aviation accidents and incidents}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Uberlingen Mid-Air Collision}}

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