| 词条 | Blepharitis | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Blepharitis | image = Infant with blepharitis on the right side.jpg | caption = An infant with mild blepharitis on his right side | pronounce = | synonyms = | field = Ophthalmology | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }}Blepharitis ({{IPAc-en|b|l|ɛ|f|ə|ˈ|r|aɪ|t|ᵻ|s}} {{respell|BLEF|ər|EYE|tis}}) is one of the most common ocular conditions characterized by inflammation, scaling, reddening, and crusting of the eyelid. This condition may also cause burning, itching, or a grainy sensation when introducing foreign objects or substances to the eye. Although blepharitis is not sight-threatening, it can lead to permanent alterations of the eyelid margin. The overall etiology is a result of bacteria and inflammation from congested meibomian oil glands at the base of each eyelash. Other conditions may give rise to blepharitis, whether they be infectious or noninfectious, including, but not limited to, bacterial infections or allergies. Different variations of blepharitis can be classified as seborrheic, staphylococcal, mixed, posterior or meibomitis, or parasitic.[1] In a survey of US ophthalmologists and optometrists, 37% to 47% of patients seen by those surveyed had signs of blepharitis, which can affect all ages and ethnic groups.[2] One single-center study of 90 patients with chronic blepharitis found that the average age of patients was 50 years old.[2] SymptomsBlepharitis is characterized by chronic inflammation of the eyelid, usually at the base of the eyelashes.[3][4][5] Symptoms include inflammation, irritation, itchiness, a burning sensation, excessive tearing, and crusting and sticking of eyelids.[3][4] Additional symptoms may include visual impairment such as photophobia and blurred vision. Symptoms are generally worse in the mornings and patients may experience exacerbation and several remissions if left untreated.[2] It is typically caused by bacterial infection or blockage of the meibomian oil glands.[4] Diseases and conditions that may lead to blepharitis include: rosacea, herpes simplex dermatitis, varicella-zoster dermatitis, molluscum contagiosum, allergic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, staphylococcal dermatitis, demodicosis (Demodex), and parasitic infections (e.g., Demodex and Phthiriasis palpebrarum).[2][3][5] The parasite, Demodex folliculorum (D. folliculorum), causes blepharitis when the parasite is present in excessive numbers within the dermis of the eyelids. These parasites can live for approximately 15 days. The parasites (both adult and eggs) live on the hair follicle, inhabiting the sebaceous and apocrine gland of the human lid. Direct contact allows this pathogen to spread. Factors that allow this pathogen to multiply include hypervascular tissue, poor hygienic conditions, and immune deficiency. In treating Blepharitis caused by D. folliculorum, mechanical cleaning and proper hygiene are important towards decreasing the parasites numbers. [6] Associated Symptoms:
Chronic blepharitis may result in damage of varying severity and, in the worst cases, may have a negative effect on vision. This can be resolved with a proper eyeglass prescription.[8] Long-term untreated blepharitis can lead to eyelid scarring, excess tearing, difficulty wearing contact lenses, development of a stye (an infection near the base of the eyelashes, resulting in a painful lump on the edge of the eyelid) or a chalazion (a blockage/bacteria infection in a small oil glands at the margin of the eyelid, just behind the eyelashes, leading to a red, swollen eyelid), chronic pink eye (conjunctivitis), keratitis, and corneal ulcer or irritation.[4][9][10] The lids may become red and may have ulcerate, non-healing areas that may lead to bleeding.[8] Blepharitis can also cause blurred vision due to a poor tear film.[4] Tears may be frothy or bubbly, which can contribute to mild scarring along the eyelids. Symptoms and signs of blepharitis are often erroneously ascribed by the patient as "recurrent conjunctivitis".[11] Staphylococcal blepharitis and Posterior blepharitis or rosacea-associated blepharitis SymptomsSymptoms include a foreign body sensation, matting of the lashes, and burning. Collarette around eyelashes, a ring-like formation around the lash shaft, can be observed.[12] Other symptoms include loss of eyelashes or broken eyelashes.[13] The condition can sometimes lead to a chalazion or a stye.[14] Chronic bacterial blepharitis may also lead to ectropion.[15] Posterior blepharitis or rosacea-associated blepharitis is manifested by a broad spectrum of symptoms involving the lids including inflammation and plugging of the meibomian orifices and production of abnormal secretion upon pressure over the glands.[1] MechanismThe mechanism by which the bacteria causes symptoms of blepharitis is not fully understood and may include direct irritation of bacterial toxins and/or enhanced cell-mediated immunity to S. aureus. Staphylococcal blepharitis is caused by an infection of the anterior portion of the eyelid by Staphylococcal bacteria. In a study of ocular flora, 46% to 51% of those diagnosed with staphylococcal blepharitis had cultures positive for Staphylococcus aureus in comparison to 8% of normal patients.[2] Staphylococcal blepharitis may start in childhood and continue into adulthood.[16] It is commonly recurrent and it requires special medical care. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in the conjunctival sac and on the lid margin varies among countries, likely due to differences in climate and environment.[17] Seborrheic blepharitis is characterized by less inflammation than Staphylococcal blepharitis; however, it causes more excess oil or greasy scaling. Meibomian Gland Dysfunction is a result of abnormalities of the meibomian glands and altered secretion meibum, which plays an imperative role in lagging the evaporation of tear films and smoothing of the tear film to produce an even optical surface. Posterior blepharitis is an inflammation of the eyelids, secondary to dysfunction of the meibomian glands. Like anterior blepharitis, it is a bilateral chronic condition and may be associated with skin rosacea.[1] There is growing evidence that, in some cases, it is caused by Demodex mites.[18]DiagnosisDiagnosis of the condition is done via a physical examination under a slit lamp. Cultures of debris are occasionally collected for bacterial or fungal testing.[19][20] Physical examinationIn all forms of blepharitis, optometrists or ophthalmologists examine the tear film, which is the most efficient method in determining instability. The most frequently used method is to measure tear production via tear break-up time (TBUT), which calculates the duration interval between complete blinks. This serves as a primary indication of regional dryness in the pre-corneal tear film after fluorescein injections. If TBUT is shorter than 10 seconds, then this suggests instability.[2] Staphylococcal blepharitis is diagnosed by examining erythema and edema of the eyelid margin. Patients may exhibit alopecia areata of eyelashes and/or growth misdirection, trichiasis. Other signs may include telangiectasia on the anterior eyelid, collarettes encircling the lash base, and corneal changes.[2] Seborrheic blepharitis is distinguished by less erythema, edema, and telangiectasia of the eyelid margins. Posterior blepharitis and Meibomian gland dysfunction are frequently associated with rosacea and can be seen during an ocular examination of the posterior eyelid margin. The Meibomian glands may appear caked with oil or visibly obstructed.[2] Diagnostic proceduresCultures of the eyelid margins can be a clear indicator for patients suffering from recurrent anterior blepharitis with severe inflammation, in addition to patients who are not responding to therapy.[2] Measurements of tear osmolarity may be beneficial in diagnosing concurrent dry eye syndrome (DES), which may be responsible for overlapping symptoms and would allow the physician to decipher between conditions and move forward with the most beneficial protocol for the patient. Consequently, the measurement of tear osmolarity has various limitations in differentiating between aqueous deficiencies and evaporative dry eye.[21] Microscopic evaluation of epilated eyelashes may reveal mites, which have been evident in cases of chronic blepharoconjunctivitis. A biopsy of the eyelid can also determine the exclusion of carcinoma, therapy resistance, or unifocal recurrent chalazia.[22]
PreventionBlepharitis is a result of bacteria and inflammation from congested meibomian oil glands at the base of each eyelash. Routine washing of the eyelids helps subdue symptoms and prevent blepharitis. Washing each eyelid for 30 seconds, twice a day, with a single drop of hypoallergenic soap (e.g. baby shampoo) and ample water can help. The most effective treatment is over the counter lid scrubs used twice a day. Some doctors may recommend using a hypochloric acid treatment depending on the severity. [2] TreatmentBlepharitis is a chronic condition causing frequent exacerbation, thus requires routine eyelid hygiene. Hygienic practices include warm compresses, eyelid massages generating consistent heat at body temperature (98.6 degrees F), and eyelid scrubs.[2] A Cochrane Systematic Review of topical antibiotics was shown to be effective in providing symptomatic relief and clearing bacteria for individuals with anterior blepharitis.[23] Topical steroids provided some symptomatic relief, but they were ineffective in clearing bacteria from the eyelids.[23] Lid hygiene measures such as warm compresses and lid scrubs were found to be effective in providing symptomatic relief for participants with anterior and posterior blepharitis.[23] Home care treatmentWarm compresses: Soften lid margin debris and oils by placing a very warm wet compress such as a clean, warm, wet washcloth over the closed eyelids for five minutes.[4][24] Re-wet and reapply it as it cools.[4][10] This warms, softens, and loosens crusty and oily eyelid gland deposits.[4][10][24]Eyelid hygiene: Remove lid margin debris immediately after the warm compresses by gently washing the eyelids with a warm, wet, soapy washcloth to remove accumulated debris.[10][25] Use a diluted, hypoallergenic baby shampoo.[4][24] Gently rub along the lid margins, keeping the eyes shut. Too much soap or shampoo may remove the essential oil layer of the eyes' tear film and create further stress to the eye, as well as dry eye discomfort. A moist cotton swab soaked in a cup of water and baby shampoo may be used to rub along the lid margins while tilting the lid outward with the other hand to avoid this problem. Finally, rinse the eyelid with warm water and gently dry with a towel.[24] Eye make-up should not be used while inflammation is present.[4][24] Dandruff shampoo can be helpful if dandruff is contributing to blepharitis and may relieve blepharitis symptoms.[24]Medication therapy treatmentOral antibiotics[10]:[25] Ophthalmologists or optometrists may prescribe a low-dose, oral antibiotic such as Doxycycline.[1][26]Topical antibiotics: If prescribed, topical creams or ointments can be applied after the cleansing of the lid margin. A small amount of antibiotic ophthalmic ointment is spread along the lid fissure with a swab or fingertip, while the eyes are closed. It is prescribed for use prior to bedtime to avoid blurred vision. Another method to reduce side effects of blepharitis are antibiotics such as erythromycin or sulfacetamide, which are used via eye drops, creams, or ointments on the eyelid margin. blepharitis caused by Demodex mites can be treated using a diluted solution of tea tree oil, via application by a cotton swab, for 5–10 minutes per day. Steroid eyedrops/ointments: Eye drops or ointments containing corticosteroids are frequently used in conjunction with antibiotics and can reduce eyelid inflammation.[4][10][25]Hypochlorous acid products: Both over-the-counter and prescription products with hypochlorous acid (HOCl) can be used to alleviate the signs and symptoms of blepharitis. In a recent study, a saline hygiene solution with hypochlorous acid was shown to reduce the bacterial load significantly without altering the diversity of bacterial species on the eyelids. After 20 minutes of treatment, there was >99% reduction of the Staphylococci bacteria, which is a common cause of blepharitis.[27]PrognosisBlepharitis is a chronic condition that has periods of exacerbation and remission. Patients should be informed that symptoms can frequently improve but are rarely eliminated. Infrequently, severe blepharitis can result in permanent alterations in the eyelid margin or vision loss from superficial keratopathy, corneal neovascularization, and ulceration. Patients with an inflammatory eyelid lesion that appears suspicious of malignancy should be referred to an appropriate specialist.[2][28] Recent researchA study conducted in November 2017, conveyed a correlation between blepharitis and early onset metabolic syndrome (MetS). To investigate the relationship between blepharitis and MetS, researchers used the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database in Taiwan. Results indicated that hyperlipidaemia and coronary artery disease were significantly correlated with the prior development of blepharitis. Therefore, blepharitis was shown to be significantly related to MetS and can serve as an early indication of the condition.[29] In another recent study, the presence of Demodex has been unveiled as a common cause of blepharitis. However, the pathogenesis of demodicosis is still unclear. In this study, researchers provide a diagnosis of the disease and propose diagnostic criteria of Demodex blepharitis.[30] References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|title=Vaughan & Asbury's general ophthalmology.|author=Emmett T. Cunningham|author2=Paul Riordan-Eva|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|isbn=978-0071634205|edition=18th}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{Cite web|url=http://eyewiki.aao.org/Blepharitis|title=Blepharitis|vauthors = Singh Tonk R, Hossain K|date=November 27, 2014|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 3. ^1 2 Blepharitis Definition - Diseases and Conditions - Mayo Clinic 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Blepharitis: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention 5. ^1 2 3 Medscape: Medscape Access 6. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Inceboz T, Yaman A, Over L, Ozturk AT, Akisu C | title = Diagnosis and treatment of demodectic blepharitis | journal = Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 32–6 | date = 2009 | pmid = 19367544 }} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Blepharitis Symptoms - Diseases and Conditions - Mayo Clinic 8. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/eyelid_inflammation_blepharitis/page3_em.htm#Eyelid%20Inflammation%20Symptoms|title=Eyelid Inflammation Symptoms|author=Frank J. Weinstock|date=|publisher=emedicinehealth.com|accessdate=21 December 2012}} 9. ^Blepharitis Complications - Diseases and Conditions - Mayo Clinic 10. ^1 2 3 4 5 Medscape: Medscape Access 11. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.medicinenet.com/blepharitis/page2.htm#symptoms|title=What are the symptoms and signs of blepharitis?|last=Dahl|first=Andrew|publisher=medicinenet.com|accessdate=21 December 2012}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1211763-overview|title=Adult Blepharitis|author=R Scott Lowery|date=Jun 17, 2011|publisher=Medscape|accessdate=21 December 2012}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/eye_disorders/eyelid_and_lacrimal_disorders/blepharitis.html?qt=&sc=&alt=|title=Blepharitis|author=James Garrity|date=August 2012|publisher=The Merck Manual|accessdate=21 December 2012}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://chicago.medicine.uic.edu/cms/One.aspx?portalId=506244&pageId=15356063|title=Blepharitis, Stye and Chalazion|publisher=University of Illinois College of Medicine|accessdate=21 December 2012}} 15. ^http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/blepharitis.htm 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.avclinic.com/blepharitis.htm|title=Blepharitis|publisher=Angeles Vision Clinic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504114556/http://www.avclinic.com/blepharitis.htm|archivedate=4 May 2012|deadurl=yes|accessdate=21 December 2012|df=}} 17. ^{{cite journal|date=1977|title=Staphylococcal blepharitis|journal=Archives of Ophthalmology|volume=95|issue=5|pages=812–816|doi=10.1001/archopht.1977.04450050090009|pmid=324453|vauthors=Smolin G, Okumoto M}} 18. ^{{cite journal|date=October 2010|title=Pathogenic Role of Demodex Mites in Blepharitis|journal=Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol|volume=10|issue=5|pages=505–510|doi=10.1097/aci.0b013e32833df9f4|pmc=2946818|pmid=20689407|vauthors=Liu J, Sheha H, ((Tseng SCG))}} 19. ^Blepharitis Tests and diagnosis - Diseases and Conditions - Mayo Clinic 20. ^Medscape: Medscape Access 21. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Savini G, Prabhawasat P, Kojima T, Grueterich M, Espana E, Goto E | title = The challenge of dry eye diagnosis | journal = Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–55 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 19668387 | pmc = 2698717 }} 22. ^{{Cite journal|last=Yuji Nemoto, Atsushi Mizota|first=Reiko Arita, Yuko Sasajima|date=September 2014|title=Differentiation between chalazion and sebaceous carcinoma by noninvasive meibography|pmc=4172083|journal=Clinical Ophthalmology|volume=8|pages=1869–1875|doi=10.2147/OPTH.S69804|pmid=25258508}} 23. ^1 2 {{cite journal|date=2012|title=Interventions for chronic blepharitis|journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev|volume=5|issue=5|pages=CD00556|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005556.pub2|pmc=4270370|pmid=22592706|vauthors=Lindsey K, Matsumara S, Hatel E, Akpek EK}} 24. ^1 2 3 4 5 Blepharitis Lifestyle and home remedies - Diseases and Conditions - Mayo Clinic 25. ^1 2 Blepharitis Treatments and drugs - Diseases and Conditions - Mayo Clinic 26. ^{{cite journal|year=2010|title=Pathogenic role of Demodex mites in blepharitis|journal=Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol|volume=10|issue=5|pages=505–510|doi=10.1097/ACI.0b013e32833df9f4|pmc=2946818|pmid=20689407|vauthors=Liu J, Sheha H, Tsenga CG}} 27. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Stroman DW, Mintun K, Epstein AB, Brimer CM, Patel CR, Branch JD, Najafi-Tagol K | title = Reduction in bacterial load using hypochlorous acid hygiene solution on ocular skin | journal = Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) | volume = 11 | issue = | pages = 707–714 | date = 2017 | pmid = 28458509 | pmc = 5402722 | doi = 10.2147/OPTH.S132851 }} 28. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicinenet.com/blepharitis/article.htm|title=Blepharitis|last=Dahl|first=Andrew A|date=|website=MedicineNet|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 29. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee CY, Chen HC, Lin HW, Huang JY, Chao SC, Yeh CB, Lin HY, Yang SF | title = Blepharitis as an early sign of metabolic syndrome: a nationwide population-based study | journal = The British Journal of Ophthalmology | volume = | issue = | pages = | date = November 2017 | pmid = 29146760 | doi = 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310975 }} 30. ^{{Cite journal|last=Liang LY, Liu Y|first=Li J|date=September 11, 2017|title=Diagnostic criteria of demodex blepharitis|pmid=28926882|journal=[Zhonghua yan ke za zhi] Chinese journal of ophthalmology|volume=53|issue=9|pages=648–652|doi=10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2017.09.003}} External links{{Medical resources| DiseasesDB = 1455 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|H|01|0|h|00}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|373.0}} | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 001619 | ICDO = | eMedicineSubj = oph | eMedicineTopic = 81 | MeshID = D001762 }}{{Commons category|Blepharitis}}
}}{{Inflammation}} 2 : Inflammations|Disorders of eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit |
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