| 词条 | Astola Island |
| 释义 |
| name = Astola Island Lighthouse | image_name = Astola Island.jpg | image_width = | caption = A view of the northern face of Astola Island, the skeletal lighthouse is in the upper left | location = Astola Island Arabian Sea offshore Pakistan | pushpin_map = Pakistan | relief = 1 | pushpin_map_caption = Pakistan | pushpin = lighthouse | coordinates = {{coord|25|07|08.4|N|63|49|59.7|E|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | yearbuilt = 1982 | yearlit = | automated = | yeardeactivated = | foundation = concrete base | construction = metal skeletal tower | shape = square pyramidal skeletal tower | marking = grey tower | height = {{convert|10|m|ft}} | focalheight = {{convert|89.7|m|ft}} | lens = | currentlens = Type LASE-28/6 | lightsource = solar power | intensity = 25,500 cd | range = {{convert|16.4|nmi}} | characteristic = Fl W 15s. | fogsignal = | racon = | admiralty = D7740 | canada = | NGA = 28508 | ARLHS = PAK-005[1][2][3] | USCG = | country = | countrynumber = | countrylink = | managingagent = | heritage = | module = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 10 May 2001 | designation1_number = 1063[4]}} }} Astola Island, also known as Jezira Haft Talar (Balochi: زروان ءِ هفت تلار) Satadip or 'Island of the Seven Hills', is a small uninhabited Pakistani island in the Arabian Sea approximately {{convert|25|km|abbr=on}} south of the nearest part of the coast and {{convert|39|km|abbr=on}} southeast of the fishing port of Pasni. Astola is Pakistan's largest offshore island at approximately {{convert|6.7|km|abbr=on}} long with a maximum width of {{convert|2.3|km|abbr=on}} and an area of approximately {{convert|6.7|km2|abbr=on}}. The highest point is {{convert|246|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level. Administratively, the island is part of the Pasni subdistrict of Gwadar District in Balochistan province. The island can be accessed by motorized boats from Pasni, with a journey time of about 5 hours to reach the island. Pakistan declared Astola as its first Marine Protected Area in June 2017 as part an international obligation of the Federal Government under the Convention on Biological Diversity and its Aichi Biodiversity. HistoryThe earliest mention of Astola is in Arrian's account of Admiral Nearchos, who was dispatched by Alexander the Great to explore the coast of the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf in 325 BCE. The sailors in Nearchos's fleet were "frightened at the weird tales told about an uninhabited island, which Arrian calls Nosala".[5] GeographyThe island consists of a large tilted plateau and a series of seven small hillocks (hence the local name "Haft Talar" or "Seven Hills"), with deep chasms and crevices, which are several feet wide.{{Citation needed| date=March 2013}} There are several natural caves and coves on the island. The south face of the island slopes off gradually whereas the north face is cliff-like with a sharp vertical drop.{{Citation needed| date=March 2013}} EcologyIsolation has helped maintain several endemic life forms on Astola. The endangered green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbracata) nest on the beach at the foot of the cliffs. The island is also an important area for endemic reptiles such as the Astola viper (Echis carinatus astolae). The island is reported to support a large number of breeding water birds including coursers, curlews, godwit, gulls, plovers and sanderling. Feral cats originally introduced by fishermen to control the endemic rodent population, pose an increasing threat to wildlife breeding sites. E.g. the sooty gull (Larus hemprichii) had a major breeding colony on the island, now extirpated because of introduced rats.[6] Vegetation on the island is sparse and largely consists of scrubs and large bushes. There are no trees on the island. The largest shrub on the island is Prosopis juliflora, which was introduced into South Asia in 1877 from South America. There is no source of fresh water on the island and the vegetation depends on occasional rainfall and soil moisture for survival. Astola is also home to coral reef. Man-made featuresIn 1982, the Government of Pakistan installed a lighthouse on the island for the safety of passing vessels, which was replaced by a solar-powered one in 1987.[7] Between September and May of each year, Astola becomes a temporary base for mainland fishermen for catching lobsters and oysters. From June to August, the island remains uninhabited due to the fishing off-season, the rough seas and high tides. There is a small mosque dedicated to the Muslim saint Pir Khawaja Khizr, which is used by the mainland fishermen during the fishing season. Ruins of an ancient Hindu temple of the Hindu goddess, Kali are located on the island.[8] The island was also known to the Hindus as Satadip.[9] In Arrian's Indica, which describes the westward journey of Alexander's fleet after the Indian Campaign (325 BC), Admiral Nearchus is quoted as having anchored by an island named 'Carnine'. It was said to be inhabited by the Ichthyophagoi ('fish eaters' in Greek) and where, "even mutton had a fishy taste". The Persian phrase mahi khoran (fish eaters) has become the modern name of the coastal region of Makran. Some scholars have assumed Carnine to be Astola, without considering the extreme aridity and lack of fresh water, which renders the place inhospitable for human habitation, as well as animal husbandry. In all likelihood, Carnine was the name of an island in the inland sea, presently known as Khor Kalmat. This latter conjecture supports Nearchus' coast-hugging voyage (which would have kept him well away from Astola), a compulsion meant to provision Alexander's army that was supposed to have marched along a coastal route. Eco-tourismAstola island is a popular but "hard" destination for eco-tourism, although there are no lodging facilities on the island. Overnight tourists must camp on the island and bring their own provisions. Camping, fishing and scuba-diving expeditions are popular. It is also a site for observing turtle breeding. There has been some damage to Astola's ecology due to rats and domesticated cats left behind by fishermen, which have threatened bird nesting sites and turtle hatcheries. See also{{stack|{{Portal|Pakistan|Lighthouses}}}}
References1. ^[https://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/lighthouse/pak.htm Pakistan] The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 13 October 2016 2. ^NGA List of Lights – Pub.112 Retrieved 13 October 2016 3. ^Mercantile Marine Department Retrieved 13 October 2016 4. ^{{Cite web|title=Astola Island|website=Ramsar Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1063|accessdate=25 April 2018}} 5. ^{{Cite book| last=Jackson| first=A.V. Williams| title=History of India, Volume II| year=1906| publisher=The Grolier Society| location=London| pages=96}} 6. ^Grimmett, Richard, Roberts, Tom and Inskipp, Tim, 2008. Birds of Pakistan. Helm Field Guides, London, page 112. 7. ^http://mercantilemarine.gov.pk/Body/Light%20Houses/Astola_Island.htm 8. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.ramsar.org/ris/ris_pakistan_astola.htm#19.| title=Pakistan, Astola (Haft Talar) Island, 2001| first=Ramsar Convention on Wetlands| last=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands| accessdate=2006-04-22 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060117133655/http://www.ramsar.org/ris/ris_pakistan_astola.htm#19. |archivedate = 2006-01-17}} 9. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.contactpakistan.com/ExplorePakistan/Astola.html| title=Astola with Sherazi| first=ContactPakistan.com| last=S.A.J Shirazi| accessdate=2006-04-22| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060519114732/http://www.contactpakistan.com/ExplorePakistan/Astola.html| archivedate= 19 May 2006 | deadurl= no}} External links
8 : Islands of the Arabian Sea|Uninhabited islands of Pakistan|Gulf of Oman|Islands of Gwadar|Landforms of Balochistan (Pakistan)|Natural history of Balochistan, Pakistan|Ramsar sites in Pakistan|Lighthouses in Pakistan |
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