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词条 Atayal language
释义

  1. Orthography

  2. Phonology

     Vowels  Consonants 

  3. Grammar

     Verbs  Case markers  Pronouns 

  4. Affixes

  5. See also

  6. Notes

  7. References

  8. External links

{{Infobox language
|name=Atayal
|altname=Tayal
|region=north Taiwan
|ethnicity=Atayal people
|speakers={{sigfig|84,300|2}}
|date=2002
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=Northern Formosan
|fam3=Atayalic
|script=Latin
|iso3=tay
|glotto=atay1247
|glottorefname=Atayal
|lingua=30-AAA
|notice=IPA
}}

The Atayal language is spoken by the Atayal people of Taiwan. Squliq and C’uli’ (Ts’ole’) are two major dialects. Mayrinax and Pa’kuali’, two subdialects of C’uli’, are unique among Atayal dialects in having male and female register distinctions in their vocabulary.

The language is recorded in an Atayal–English dictionary by Søren Egerod and several reference grammars. The Bible has been translated into Atayal and was published in 2002. Atayal is written in the Latin script. Atayal was one of the source languages of Yilan Creole Japanese.

Orthography

The Atayal language is most commonly written in the Latin script. {{angbr|ng}} represents the velar nasal {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, and the apostrophe {{angbr|'}} represents the glottal stop. In some literature, {{angbr|ḳ}} is used to represent {{IPA|/q/}} and {{angbr|č š ž}} are used to represent {{IPA|/tʃ ʃ ʒ/}}.

In some dialects but not all, schwa /ə/ is frequently omitted in writing, resulting in long consonant clusters on the surface (e.g. pspngun {{IPA|/pəsəpəŋun/}}).[1]

The pronunciation of certain letters differs from the IPA conventions. The letter {{angbr|b}} represents {{IPA|/β/}}, {{angbr|c}} is {{IPA|/ts/}}, {{angbr|g}} is {{IPA|/ɣ/}}, {{angbr|y}} is {{IPA|/j/}}, and {{angbr|z}} is {{IPA|/ʒ/}}.

Phonology

Dialects differ slightly in their phonology. Presented below are the vowel and consonant inventories of Mayrinax Atayal (Huang 2000a). Orthographic conventions are added in .

Vowels

Front Central Back
Highi}}u}}
Mide}}ə}}o}}
Lowa}}

Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Palato-
alveolar		 Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Stopp}}t}}k}}q}}ʔ}}
Affricatets}}
Fricative Voicelesss}}x}}ħ}}
Voicedβ}}ɣ}}
Nasalm}}n}}ŋ}}
Trillr}}
Semivowelw}}j}}

Most of these sounds are also encountered in other Formosan languages, but the velar fricative [{{IPA|x}}] is a trade mark of Atayalic languages. This sound has restricted distribution, though, as it never occurs in word-initial position.

Even though some literature includes a glottal fricative in the consonant inventory, that phoneme is phonetically realized as a pharyngeal (Li 1980), which is true for Atayalic languages in general. The alveolar fricative ({{IPA|s}}) and affricate ({{IPA|ts}}) are palatalized before [{{IPA|i}}] and [{{IPA|j}}], rendering [{{IPA|ɕ}}] and [{{IPA|tɕ}}], respectively (Lu 2005), as in the Sinitic contact languages Mandarin Chinese and Taiwanese Hokkien.

Plngawan Atayal (a subdialect of Ci'uli') differs from this inventory in that it lacks a schwa ({{IPA|ə}}), and that there are two phonemic rhotics (Shih 2008).

Squliq Atayal has a voiced alveo-palatal fricative [{{IPA|z}}] (Li 1980), but Huang 2015 doubts its phonemicity, arguing that it is an allophone of [{{IPA|y}}].

Grammar

Verbs

Mayrinax Atayal (a Cʔuliʔ dialect spoken in Tai'an Hsiang Township, Miaoli County) has a four-way focus system (Huang 2000b).[2]

  1. Agent focus (AF)
  2. Patient focus (PF)
  3. Locative focus (LF)
  4. Instrumental/Beneficiary focus (IF/BF)

The following list of focus markers are used in Mayrinax Atayal.

  • Agent focus (AF)
    • Realis: m-, -um- (more dynamic); ma-, ø (less dynamic / more stative)
    • Irrealis: m-, ma-, -um- ... -ay (projective/immediate); pa- (future)
  • Patient focus (PF)
    • Realis: -un (neutral), ø (perfective)
    • Irrealis: -aw (projective/immediate); -un (future)
  • Locative focus (LF)
    • Realis: -an
    • Irrealis: -ay (projective/immediate); -an (future)
  • Instrumental/Beneficiary focus (IF/BF)
    • Realis: si-
    • Irrealis: -anay (projective/immediate); ø (future)
Aspect markers include:[2]
  • -in-: perfective
  • pa-: irrealis (also serves as a causative marker)
  • kiaʔ and haniʔan: progressive
Other verbal markers include:[2]
  • ka-: stative marker
  • i-: locative marker
  • ø- (null marker): agent-focus imperative

Dynamic and stative verbal prefixes run along a continuum. Here, they are listed from most dynamic to most stative.[2]

  1. m-, -um-
  2. ma1-, ø1
  3. ma-2
  4. ø2

Case markers

Mayrinax Atayal has an elaborate case marking system. The Mayrinax case markers below are sourced from Huang (2002).

Mayrinax Atayal Case Markers
CaseNominativeAccusativeGenitive/
Oblique		Comitative
Proper nounʔiʔʔiʔniʔkiʔ
Common noun
(referential)		kuʔckuʔnkuʔ-
Common noun
(non-referential)		aʔcuʔnaʔ-

Wulai Atayal (a Squliq Atayal dialect spoken in Wulai District, New Taipei City) has a much simpler case-marking system (Huang 1995).

Wulai Atayal Case Markers
CaseNominativeInstrumentalGenitiveComitativeLocative
Markersquʔnaʔnaʔ, nquʔkiʔte, squʔ, sa

Pronouns

The Mayrinax and Wulai Atayal personal pronouns below are sourced from Huang (1995). In both varieties, the nominative and genitive forms are bound while the neutral and locative ones are free (unbound).

Wulai Atayal Personal Pronouns
Type of
Pronoun		NominativeGenitiveLocativeNeutral
1s.sakuʔ, kuʔmakuʔ, mu, kuʔknankuzing, kun
2s.suʔsuʔsunanisuʔ
3s.-nyaʔhiyanhiyaʔ
1p. (incl.)taʔtaʔitanitaʔ
1p. (excl.)samimyansminansami
2p.simumamusmunansimu
3p.-nhaʔhganhgaʔ
Mayrinax Atayal Personal Pronouns
Type of
Pronoun		NominativeGenitiveNeutral
1s.cu, ciʔmu, miʔkuing
2s.suʔ, siʔsuʔisuʔ
3s.-niaʔhiyaʔ
1p. (incl.)taʔ, tiʔtaʔ, tiʔitaʔ
1p. (excl.)caminiamcami
2p.cimumamucimu
3p.-nhaʔnhaʔ

Affixes

The following list of Mayrinax Atayal affixes is sourced from the Comparative Austronesian Dictionary (1995).

  • Note: Some affixes are unglossed.
{{refbegin|2}}
Verbal prefixes
  • ma- 'stative'
  • ma- 'active'
  • man-
  • mana-
  • maɣ-
  • ma-ša- 'reciprocal, mutual'
  • ma-ši 'natural release or movement'
  • pana-
  • ma-ti-
  • ʔi-
  • pa- 'causative'
  • ši- 'benefactive'
  • ga- 'verbalizer'
  • kan- + RED + N (body parts) 'body movement'
  • ma-ka- 'mutual, reciprocal'
  • maki- 'active verb'
  • mat- 'to turn'
  • mi-
  • paš-
  • ta- ... -an 'location'
  • tiɣi- 'to release gas'
  • tu- 'for some to ... '
Verbal infixes
  • -um- 'agent focus'
  • -in- 'completive'
Verbal suffixes
  • -an 'locative focus'
  • -un 'object focus'
  • -i 'imperative'
  • -aw 'future or mild request'
  • -ani 'polite request'
Nominal affixes
  • -in- 'nominalizer'
  • -in- ... -an 'nominalizer to indicate a completed action'
{{refend}}
  • Male affixes (i.e., male forms of speech in Mayrinax Atayal) include (Comparative Austronesian Dictionary): -niḳ, -iḳ, -ʔiŋ, -hiŋ, -iŋ, -tiŋ, -riʔ, -ḳiʔ, -niʔ, -nux, -ux, -hu, -u, -al, -liʔ, -kaʔ, -ha, -il, -in-, -il-, -i-, -a-, -na-.

See also

  • Yilan Creole Japanese

Notes

1. ^Rau, D. V. (1992). "A Grammar of Atayal". Cornell University dissertation. pp. 22–23
2. ^1 2 3 Huang, Lillian M. (2000b). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3623428 Verb Classification in Mayrinax Atayal]. Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 39, No. 2 (Dec., 2000), pp. 364-390.

References

{{refbegin|2}}
  • Huang, Lillian M. (1995). The syntactic structure of Wulai and Mayrinax Atayal: a comparison. Bull. National Taiwan Normal University, Vol. 40, pp. 261–294.
  • Li, Paul Jen-kuei (1980). The phonological rules of Atayal dialects. Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology Academica Sinica, Vol 51(2), pp. 349–405.
  • Rau, D. V. (1992). "A grammar of Atayal". Cornell University dissertation. Describes Squliq Atayal.
  • Shih, P. (2008). Interrogative Constructions in Plngawan Atayal. MA thesis. Taiwan: National Taiwan Normal University.
  • Valle, G. D. (1963). Handbook of Atayal, as it is spoken in Wufeng (Hsinchu hsien). Taichung: Kuangchi Press
Mayrinax Atayal
  • Huang, Lillian (2000a). "泰雅語參考語法" [Atayal language reference grammar]. Taipei: Yuanliou. Describes Mayrinax Atayal.
  • Huang, Lillian M. (2000b). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3623428 Verb Classification in Mayrinax Atayal]. Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 39, No. 2 (Dec., 2000), pp. 364–390.
  • Huang, Lillian M. (2001). Focus system of Mayrinax Atayal: a syntactic, semantic and pragmatic perspective. Journal of Taiwan Normal University: Humanities and Social Science. 2001, 46(1,2), pp. 51–69.
  • Huang, Lillian M. (2002). Nominalization in Mayrinax Atayal. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University.
  • Lu, Anne Yu-an (2005a). Order and Interaction of Prefixes in Mayrinax Atayal. Hsinchu, Taiwan: National Tsing Hua University.
  • Lu, Anne Yu-an (2005b). Mayrinax Phonology: With Special Reference to UM Affixation. MA Thesis. Taiwan: National Tsing Hua University.
{{refend}}

External links

{{Incubator|code= tay}}
  • [https://archive.org/stream/rosettaproject_tay_swadesh-1/tay.txt Rosetta Project: Atayal Swadesh list]
  • Ci'uli Atayal Wordlist at the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
{{Languages of Taiwan}}{{Formosan languages}}

2 : Atayal culture|Atayalic languages
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