| 词条 | Atlantic Bronze Age | ||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Atlantic Bronze Age is a cultural complex of the Bronze Age period of approximately 1300–700 BC that includes different cultures in Portugal, Andalusia, Galicia, France, Britain and Ireland. TradeThe Atlantic Bronze Age is marked by economic and cultural exchange that led to the high degree of cultural similarity exhibited by the coastal communities from Central Portugal to Galicia, Armorica and Scotland, including the frequent use of stones as chevaux-de-frise, the establishment of cliff castles, or the domestic architecture sometimes characterized by the round houses.[1] Commercial contacts extended from Sweden[2] and Denmark to the Mediterranean.[1] The period was defined by a number of distinct regional centres of metal production, unified by a regular maritime exchange of some of their products. The major centres were southern England and Ireland, north-western France, and western Iberia.[3] The items related to this culture are frequently found forming hoards, or they are deposited in ritual areas,[4][5] usually watery contexts: rivers, lakes and bogs. Among the more noted items belonging to this cultural complex we can count the socketed and double ring bronze axes, sometimes buried forming large hoards in Brittany and Galicia; war gear, as lunate spearheads, V-notched shields, and a variety of bronze swords —among them carp's-tongue ones— usually found deposited in lakes, rivers or rocky outcrops;[6] and the elites feasting gear: articulated roasting spits, cauldrons, and flesh hooks,[5][7] found from central Portugal to Scotland.[1] The origins of the Celts were attributed to this period in 2008 by John T. Koch[8] and supported by Barry Cunliffe,[9] who argued for the past development of Celtic as an Atlantic lingua franca, later spreading into mainland Europe.[5] They argue that communities adopted early Late Bronze Age Urnfield (Bronze D and Hallstatt A) elite status markers such as grip-tongue swords and sheet-bronze metalwork, along with new specialist know-how needed for their production and ritual knowledge about their 'proper' treatment upon deposition.[10] which they see as indicating possible processes linked to language shift.[10] In 2013, Koch saw this east to west elite contact as the simplest explanation for the genesis of Celtic languages with a Proto-Celtic homeland in west-central Europe.[11] However, this stands in contrast to what remains the more generally accepted view that Celtic origins lie with the Central European Hallstatt C culture.
See also
References1. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last=Cunliffe|first=Barry|title=Atlantic Sea-ways|journal=Revista de Guimarães|year=1999|volume= Especial|issue=I|pages=93–105|url=http://www.csarmento.uminho.pt/docs/ndat/rg/RGVE1999_005.pdf}} 2. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Ling | first1 = Johan | last2 = Stos-Gale | first2 = Zofia | last3 = Grandin | first3 = Lena | last4 = Billström | first4 = Kjell | last5 = Hjärthner-Holdar | first5 = Eva | last6 = Persson | first6 = Per-Olof | year = | title = Moving metals II: provenancing Scandinavian Bronze Age artefacts by lead isotope and elemental analyses | url = | journal = Journal of Archaeological Science | volume = 41| issue = | pages = 106–132| doi = 10.1016/j.jas.2013.07.018 }} 3. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=q_o1dZVAw5MC&pg=PA144 Europe Before History by Kristian Kristiansen] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508195333/https://books.google.com/books?id=q_o1dZVAw5MC&pg=PA144 |date=May 8, 2016 }} 4. ^{{cite web|last=Comendador Rey|first=Beatriz|title=SPACE AND MEMORY AT THE MOUTH OF THE RIVER ULLA (GALICIA, SPAIN)|url=http://webs.uvigo.es/beacomendador/index_archivos/2010_UISPP.pdf|work=Conceptualising Space and Place: On the role of agency, memory and identity in the construction of space from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Iron Age in Europe|publisher=Archaeopress|accessdate=26 April 2011}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Cunliffe|first=Barry|title=Europe between the oceans : themes and variations, 9000 BC-AD 1000|year=2008|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|isbn=978-0-300-17086-3|pages=254–258|edition=First printed in paperback 2011.}} 6. ^{{cite journal|last=Quilliec |first=Bénédicte T. |title=Life and death of an Atlantic sword: Reconstruction of the processes of fabrication, use wear and destruction |journal=Complutum |year=2007 |volume=18 |pages=93–107 |url=http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/ghi/11316993/articulos/CMPL0707110093A.PDF |accessdate=22 September 2011 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 7. ^{{cite journal|last=Bowman|first=Sheridan|author2=Stuart Needham|title=THE DUNAVERNEY AND LITTLE THETFORD FLESH-HOOKS: HISTORY, TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR POSITION WITHIN THE LATER BRONZE AGE ATLANTIC ZONE FEASTING COMPLEX|journal=The Antiquaries Journal|year=2007|volume=87|pages=53–108|url=http://www.littlethetford.org/archaeology/Bowman-and-Needham.pdf|accessdate=22 September 2011|doi=10.1017/s0003581500000846}} 8. ^{{cite book | last = Koch | first = John | authorlink = | title = Tartessian: Celtic from the Southwest at the Dawn of History in Acta Palaeohispanica X Palaeohispanica 9 (2009)| publisher = Palaeohispanica | year = 2009 | location = | pages = 339–351 | url = http://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/29/54/26koch.pdf | doi = | id = | issn = 1578-5386 | accessdate = 2010-05-17 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100623034727/http://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/29/54/26koch.pdf| archivedate= 23 June 2010 | deadurl= no}} 9. ^{{cite book|last=Cunliffe|first=Barry|title=A Race Apart: Insularity and Connectivity in Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 75, 2009, pp. 55–64|year=2008| publisher=The Prehistoric Society|pages=61}} 10. ^1 {{cite book|last=Brandherm|first=Dirk|title=Celtic from the West 2 - Westward Ho? Sword-bearers and all the rest of it...|year=2013|publisher=Oxbow Books|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-84217-529-3|page=148|url=http://www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/celtic-from-the-west-2.html}} 11. ^{{cite book|last=Koch|first=John T.|title=Celtic from the West 2 -Prologue: The Earliest Hallstatt Iron Age cannot equal Proto-Celtic|year=2013|publisher=Oxbow Books|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-84217-529-3|page=10|url=http://www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/celtic-from-the-west-2.html}} External links
18 : Archaeological cultures of Southwestern Europe|Archaeological cultures of Western Europe|Bronze Age cultures of Europe|Archaeological cultures in Belgium|Archaeological cultures in England|Archaeological cultures in France|Archaeological cultures in Ireland|Archaeological cultures in Portugal|Archaeological cultures in Scotland|Archaeological cultures in Spain|Bronze Age England|Bronze Age Portugal|Bronze Age Spain|2nd-millennium BC establishments|2nd-millennium BC disestablishments|Bronze Age Ireland|Bronze Age Scotland|Bronze Age Wales |
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