“Attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

An attack on the Saudi embassy in Khartoum took place on 1 March 1973. It was carried out by the Black September Organization, which took ten diplomats hostage. After President Richard Nixon stated that he refused to negotiate with terrorists, and insisted that "no concessions" would be made, the three Western hostages were killed.^[1]

Details of the attack

On March 1, 1973, the Saudi embassy in Khartoum was giving a formal reception, and George Curtis Moore, chargé d'affaires at the American embassy, was the guest of honor as he was due to be reassigned from his post.^[2] Palestinian gunmen burst into the embassy, and took Moore hostage, as well as fellow American Cleo Allen Noel, a Belgian diplomat, and two others.^[2]

Eight masked men from Black September entered the building and fired shots in the air, detaining ten hostages:

The morning after the hostages had been taken, the gunmen demanded the release of numerous Palestinians held in Israeli prisons, as well as the release of members of the Baader-Meinhof Group, and the release of Sirhan Sirhan.^[3] However, they revised their demands and insisted that ninety Arab militants being held by the Jordanian government must be freed within 24 hours or the hostages would be killed.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}}

In a news conference on March 2, President Richard Nixon stated that the United States would "not pay blackmail".^[4] American negotiators seemed confused as to how to best respond to the hostage-takers' demands, and Nixon seemed to believe that the gunmen would give themselves up in exchange for safe passage as others had done when storming the Israeli embassy in Bangkok a year earlier.^[2]

After twelve hours, the gunmen stated that they had killed Noel, Moore and Eid, the three Western diplomats in their custody.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} They demanded a plane to take them and their hostages to the United States, which was rejected by both the Sudanese and American governments.

The Sudanese government continued to negotiate with the militants, and after three days the gunmen released the remaining hostages and surrendered to Sudanese authorities. In the aftermath it was found that the three deceased diplomats had been taken to the basement and killed.^[5]

Aftermath

In October 1973, charges against two of the militants were dropped for insufficient evidence. A court of inquiry commenced to try the remaining six in June 1974. The court sentenced the six to life imprisonment before their sentences were reduced to seven years. The US government unsuccessfully lobbied the Sudanese government to put them to death.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}}

Sudanese President Gaafar Nimeiry was on an official trip abroad during the incident and condemned it in the strongest terms on his return, stating that the perpetrators rewarded Sudan, which had provided peaceful sanctuary to Palestinian refugees, with the disturbance of Sudan's internal peace. He decided to delegate the punishment of the perpetrators to their compatriots and handed the six to the custody of the Palestine Liberation Organization.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} The next day, the PLO sent the six to Egypt, where they were to serve their sentences. In protest of Sudan's handling of this situation, the United States withdrew its ambassador to Sudan and froze economic assistance to Sudan in June. A new US ambassador returned to Sudan in November that year, and aid resumed in 1976.

Three of the Black September militants disappeared from Egyptian custody and were never recaptured. The remaining three served out their sentences.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}}

The United States also tried to prosecute Yasser Arafat in the United States for his role in event. However, John R. Bolton, then Assistant Attorney General at the Department of Justice, in 1986 concluded that they lacked the legal jurisdiction for trying Arafat, as the appropriate statutory laws were not yet in force in 1973.^[6]

See also

References

1. ^Smith, G. Davidson. "Combating Terrorism", 1990. pp. 57
2. ^¹²Jureidini, Paul A. Middle East Quarterly, Review of Assassination in Khartoum, June 1994
3. ^Blumenau, Bernhard. "The United Nations and Terrorism. Germany, Multilateralism, and Antiterrorism Efforts in the 1970s", 2014. pp. 50
4. ^{{cite book |work=Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Richard Nixon, 1973 |title=The President's News Conference of March 2, 1973 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKU4a1cBNxsC&pg=PA158&lpg=PA158&dq=President+Richard+Nixon+stated+that+the+United+States+would+%22not+pay+blackmail%22&source=bl&ots=RfsyQ4QLJv&sig=Khc4S3-UNx6DIcPiVHliFO9OujE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CBfbVIbyOIuC8gWtmoGwBg&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=President%20Richard%20Nixon%20stated%20that%20the%20United%20States%20would%20%22not%20pay%20blackmail%22&f=false |publisher=National Archives and Records Service, Government Printing Office |accessdate=February 11, 2015 |isbn=978-0-16-058865-5 |page=158 |date=July 1, 1999 |via=books.google.com.au}}
5. ^Dershowitz. A. 2002. Why Terrorism Works: understanding the threat, responding to the challenge. R.R. Donnelly & Sons Co, Inc. U.S.
6. ^{{cite news | title = Prosecution Of Arafat Rejected | publisher = Washington Post | date = 1986-04-22 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/04/22/prosecution-of-arafat-rejected/48dfd125-27f9-4f0a-90e5-1cdc82e585a5/}}

Further References

External links