| 释义 |
- Biography
- Eichler System
- Works
- See also
- Notes
- Bibliography
- External links
{{Infobox scientist
|name =August Wilhelm Eichler
|image =A._W._Eichler.jpg
|image_size =150px
|caption = A. W. Eichler
|birth_date = {{birth-date|22 April 1839}}
|birth_place = Neukirchen, Hesse
|death_date = {{death-date and age|2 March 1887|22 April 1839}}
|death_place = Berlin
|residence =
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|nationality = German
|ethnicity =
|field = Botany, Plant taxonomy
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|author_abbrev_bot =Eichler
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}} August Wilhelm Eichler, also known under his Latinized name, Augustus Guilielmus Eichler (22 April 1839 – 2 March 1887), was a German botanist who developed a new system of classification of plants to reflect the concept of evolution. His author abbreviation in botany is Eichler. BiographyBorn in Neukirchen, Hesse, Eichler studied at the University of Marburg, Germany, and in 1871 became Professor of Botany at Technische Hochschule (Technical University) of Graz and director of the botanical garden in that city.{{Ref|EA}} In 1872 he received an appointment at the University of Kiel, where he remained until 1878 when he became director of the herbarium at the University of Berlin. He died in Berlin on March 2, 1887 of leukaemia. Eichler made important contributions to the study of the comparative structure of flowers (mainly on floral symmetry in his work Blütendiagramme). He wrote extensively on the Coniferae, Cycadaceae and other plant groups of Brazil.{{Ref|EA}} Eichler SystemThe Eichler System divided the plant kingdom into non-floral plants (Cryptogamae) and floral plants (Phanerogamae). It was the first to accept the concept of evolution and therefore also the first to be considered phylogenetic.{{Ref|Goldberg}} Moreover, Eichler was the first taxonomist to separate the Phanerogamae into Angiosperms and Gymnosperms and the former into Monocotyledonae and Dicotyledonae.{{Ref|Lawrence}} The Eichler system was the foundation for Adolf Engler's System and was widely accepted in Europe and other parts of the world. Works- {{cite book|last1=Eichler|first1=August W.|title=Blüthendiagramme: construirt und erläutert. 2 vols.|trans-title=Floral diagrams |date=1875 |publisher=W. Engelmann |location=Leipzig |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/12323#/summary |accessdate=17 May 2015}}
- [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45472#page/2/mode/1up Volume I: 1875]
- [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45473#page/1/mode/1up Volume II: 1878]
- Syllabus der Vorlesungen über Phanerogamenkunde Lipsius und Tischer, Kiel 1876.
- Subsequent editions published as Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik, 2nd ed. 1880, 3rd ed. 1883, 4th ed. 1886, 5th 1890
- {{cite book|last1=Eichler|first1=August W.|title=Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik|date=1880|origyear=1876|publisher=Borntraeger|location=Berlin|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XE0bAAAAYAAJ}}
- {{cite book|last1=Eichler|first1=August W.|title=Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik|date=1883|origyear=1876|publisher=Borntraeger|location=Berlin|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WeYkAAAAYAAJ}}
- {{cite book|last1=Eichler|first1=August W.|title=Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik|date=1886|origyear=1876|publisher=Borntraeger|location=Berlin|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XE0bAAAAYAAJ}}
- {{cite book|last1=Eichler|first1=August W.|title=Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik|date=1890|origyear=1876|publisher=Borntraeger|location=Berlin|edition=5th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QnkxAQAAMAAJ}}
- Flora Brasiliensis (Flora of Brazil) editor after death of Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in 1868 until 1887, succeeded by Ignatz Urban (Available online at Botanicus.org Website)
- Beiträge zur Morphologie und Systematik der Marantaceen (1884)
- Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Palmenblätter (1885)
- Caroli Frid. Phil. Martii Flora Brasiliensis, sive
- [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/454 Flora Brasiliensis, enumeratio plantarum in Brasilia hactenus detectarum :quas suis aliorumque botanicorum studiis descriptas et methodo naturali digestas partim icone illustratas /ediderunt Carolus Fridericus Philippus de Martius et Augustus Guilielmus Eichler ; iisque defunctis successor Ignatius Urban ; with Martius, Karl Friedrich Philipp von, 1794-1868, Endlicher, István László, 1804-1849, Fenzl, Eduard, 1808-1879, Mary, Benj, Oldenburg, R.Urban and Ignaz, 1848- ]
See also - List of plants of Caatinga vegetation of Brazil
- List of plants of Cerrado vegetation of Brazil
{{botanist|Eichler}}Notes- {{note|Goldberg}} {{cite journal|author = Aaron Goldberg|year = 1986|title = Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons|journal = Smithsonian Contributions to Botany|volume = 58|pages = 1–314}}
- {{note|Lawrence}} {{cite book|author = G. H. M. Lawrence|year = 1951|title = Taxonomy of vascular plants}}
- {{note|Name}} Author Details: Eichler, August Wilhelm (1839-1887). International Plant Names Index.
- {{note|EA}}{{Cite Americana|wstitle=Eichler, August Wilhelm}}
Bibliography {{refbegin}}- August Wilhelm Eichler. Encyclopædia Britannica
- [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20021536?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents August Wilhelm Eichler. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol. 23, No. 2 (May, 1887 - May, 1888), pp. 355-356] Obituary
- History of Taxonomy: 1875-1926
- [https://books.google.com/books?id=G_YEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA400 Annals of Botany 1887] Biography and list of publications
- {{cite book|last1=Stuessy|first1=Tod F.|title=Plant taxonomy: the systematic evaluation of comparative data|date=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780231518642|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9Q2EOkw7toC|accessdate=5 May 2015|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}External links- Flora Brasiliensis On-Line. In Portuguese and English (launch date 22 March 2006).
- View digitized titles by August Wilhelm Eichler in Botanicus.org
{{wikisource|The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Eichler, August Wilhelm}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Eichler, August}} 4 : 1839 births|1887 deaths|German botanists|Botanists with author abbreviations |