| 词条 | Aurukun, Queensland |
| 释义 |
| name = Aurukun | state = qld | image = Aurukun.JPG | caption = 2014 | coordinates = {{coord|13|21|23|S|141|43|37|E|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Queensland | lga = Shire of Aurukun | postcode = 4892 | est = | pop = 1269 | pop_year = {{CensusAU|2016}} | pop_footnotes = [1] | elevation= | maxtemp = | mintemp = | rainfall = | stategov = Cook | fedgov = Leichhardt | dist1 = 2461 | dir1 = NW | location1= Brisbane | dist2 = 802 | dir2 = NW | location2= Cairns | dist3 = 174 | dir3 = S | location3= Weipa }} Aurukun {{IPAc-en|ær|ə|ˈ|k|uː|n}}[2] is a town and locality in the Shire of Aurukun in Far North Queensland, Australia.[3][4] It is an Indigenous community. In 2019, Aurukun had part of Northern Territory’s Cyclone Trevor, no thanks to it being on the gulf. GeographyAurukun situated approximately {{convert|100|km|mi}} south of Weipa. The town faces west to the Gulf of Carpentaria, and during the wet season, roads are impassable. The area is rich in bauxite. DemographicsAt the 2016 census, Aurukun had a population of 1,269, including 1,147 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people,[1] up from a total population of 1,043 in 2006.[5] 95.8% of people were born in Australia. 10.6% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Cape York Peninsula Languages 61.6% and Wik Mungkan 14.7%. The most common responses for religion were Uniting Church 44.3%, No Religion 29.3% and Presbyterian and Reformed 11.0%.[1] Aurukun has a plethora of clan and tribal names. There are some 50 to 60 families from five major clan groups,[6] which are split into two factions — the "top end" and "bottom end".[7] Violent conflict between the two groups creates problems in the community on a regular basis. HistoryThe first recorded contact between Europeans and Aboriginals was near Aurukun on the Janszoon voyage of 1605–06.[8] The Aurukun Mission (known then as the Archer River Mission Station) was established on 4 August 1904 for the Presbyterian Church of Australia by the Reverend Arthur and Mrs Mary Richter, two Moravian missionaries and managed under the provisions of the Queensland Aborigines Act. (Several of the current residents were taught by these missionaries and remember them well.) Aboriginal people were relocated from a large surrounding area, many against their will, to the mission settlement. Aurukun was "ruled" for 40 years by Reverend William Mackenzie - as the missions Chief Protector for the Aboriginal Protection Board. The town also had a sawmill, butcher and bakery.[9] Today{{when|date=June 2015}} there is only a general store. Aurukun Post Office opened on 1 July 1972.[10] In 1978, the Queensland government decided to take over control of both the Aurukun and Mornington Island Reserves. Both communities were against this and protested seeking the help of the Federal government. After lengthy negotiations, legislation for self-management of the two reserves was introduced into federal parliament and the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders (Queensland Reserves and Communities Self Management) Act was passed on 7 April 1978. Further negotiations took place between State and Federal Ministers and on 22 May 1978, the Local Government (Aboriginal Lands) Act came into force giving a 50-year lease to the Shire of Aurukun to be trustee for the land within the boundaries. Aurukun and Mornington Shire remain the only Aboriginal communities in Queensland constituted as local authorities. With the coming of the missionaries, children were confined to dormitories to isolate them from the influence of their people. However, many people remained outside the mission up until the 1950s, ensuring the culture remained strong. In 1975, the community was placed under direct State government control. In 1978, the Aurukun people were given a 50-year lease on their land under the administration of the shire clerk and an elected Aboriginal Council. Following the Wik case the land has reverted to Native Title held by the Wik people. The focal area of the Wik lies between the Archer and Edward Rivers of Western Cape York Peninsula and inland to Coen. Most Wik people still live in this triangle. In 2007, nine Aurukun males received probation and other light sentences after being found guilty of raping a ten-year-old girl.[11][12] The mild sentences received international condemnation[13] and were the catalyst for a review of sexual abuse sentencing in Queensland Indigenous communities.[14] In March 2008, the Sydney Morning Herald reported that standards of justice, education and child safety had collapsed in Aurukun,[15] and that the local community justice group had called for children to be removed from the town for their own safety and wellbeing.[16] EducationAurukun has a primary school which is operated by Cape York Aboriginal Australian Academy (CYAAA) in a unique partnership with Education Queensland. The school opened on 29 January 1974 and caters for students from pre-prep to year 7. The school remains the only school in Aurukun. [17] [18]Classroom instruction is dedicated to teaching mainstream curriculum in English literacy and numeracy using Direct Instruction.[19] The Direct Instruction method focuses on individual student outcomes, repetition and weekly tests with the aim to ensure students are mastering literacy and numeracy basics.[20] Students are also taught a comprehensive Indigenous culture and language program which aims to give children fluency in their own cultures and enjoy the best of both worlds. The school provides an extended school day which involves artistic, musical and sports programs (in partnership with national bodies) which aims to give children increased confidence and socially prepare them for moving between homelands, work and study in the wider world. In 2008, one in three children were not enrolled for primary school.[21] Following welfare reform trials introduced in July 2008, school attendance had risen from an average of 37 per cent to 63 per cent in September 2009.[22] Following incidents where teachers and the principal were threatened, rocks were thrown at their housing, and children as young as six tried to steal a car, all teachers were evacuated from the school in May 2016.[23] As a result, the school was closed for six weeks with only distance education programs being continued.[24] The incidents have drawn the effectiveness of the Direct Instruction method into question, and as of July 2016 the Queensland Government is implementing an Australian curriculum into the school alongside Direct Instruction.[25] InfrastructureHealthThe Aurukun Primary Health Care Centre is run by Apunipima Cape York Health Council, a community controlled Aboriginal Medical Service. Apunipima doctors conduct clinics 5 days each week, with other visiting specialists regularly conducting outreach clinics. Emergencies are flown to Cairns by the RFDS. The clinic is open 8-5 365 days a year, with nurses covering after hours for emergencies.{{Cn|date=February 2018}} There is now no longer a veterinary presence at Aurukun, with Dr Michael Hindmarsh leaving the "Aurukun Dog Program" late 2007. UtilitiesElectricity is supplied by Ergon (formerly FNQEB) through diesel generators supplying power 24 hours a day. Station stability is excellent, typically better than grid supplied sites. The Water supply for Aurukun is drawn from five bores located across the town.[26] From October 2014, fluoride was introduced to the Aurukun water supply, following public consultation.[27] A sewer system is in place in the community. In 2011 and 2012, the Aurukun water and sewerage services were upgraded extensively, including to replace water mains, upgrade bore facilities and install new sewerage lines.[28] In 2007, The Sydney Morning Herald reported that few people in Aurukun had phones.[29] The community also has no ADSL broadband service and receives all communications services via radio transmission towers.[30] SecurityAurukun is one of the most closely monitored communities in Australia. In mid-2008 34 security cameras were installed throughout the community after consultation with the Aurukun Shire Council. The cameras cover almost all areas of the township and are constantly monitored from Cairns. The cameras cost $12,000 a month to operate, which is a significant reduction from the $60,000 a month that was previously paid to a private security company to patrol the community.[31] Arts and recreationThe Wik and Kugu Art Centre in Aukurun opened in 1987,[32] making it the oldest established art centre on Cape York Peninsula.[33] The Centre has about 30 members, and artists from the Centre participate in competitions and exhibitions worldwide.[34] Aurukun artists are famous for their sculptures, which traditionally were carved from soft woods for use in ceremony.[33] The Aurukun Shire Council operate the Wik Mungkan Indigenous Knowledge Centre at 39 Kang Kang Road.[35] Aurukun is home to a community swimming pool,[36] and a new large basketball hall / recreational centre. There are outdoor basketball courts and a rugby field. Aurukun participates in football carnivals and softball with other communities in the Cape region every couple of months. Bushwalking, fishing and some camping are the dominant pursuits for tourists visiting. Visitors are required to apply for a permit from the Aurukun Shire Council prior to entering the community. Possum Creek is a swimming hole {{convert|30|km|mi}} West of the town. Sandy Creek is a swimming hole {{convert|40|km|mi}} from Possum Creek. Emu Creek is a 4wd track {{convert|37|km|mi}} to the old road turn off and then {{convert|80|km|mi}} of Bush track. Aurukun landing is {{convert|1.5|km|mi}} from town and provides access to Archer River (crocodiles present). Umban is a 4wd camping ground just under 2 hrs drive. Alcohol banIn 1978 the community was without a canteen and most of the locals wanted it to stay that way but the Queensland government pushed for one. It coincided with the imposition of a local council to open up the land to mining hitherto opposed by the community. When social problems ensued the government used it as justification for intervention.[37] However, by 2009 Aurukun Council introduced an alcohol management plan to the community which completely banned alcohol.[38][39] A previous alcohol management plan had restricted drinking at the Tavern to three hours each day.[40] Aurukun is one of 19 communities across Queensland with alcohol restrictions in place.[41] The Aurukun alcohol ban has been unable to rid the community of alcohol completely, and has spurred some black-market "sly-grogging".[42] See also
References1. ^1 2 {{Census 2016 AUS|id=SSC30104|name=Aurukun (State Suburb)|accessdate=17 February 2018|quick=on}} 2. ^Macquarie Dictionary, Fourth Edition (2005). Melbourne, The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd. {{ISBN|1-876429-14-3}} 3. ^{{Cite QPN|1026|Aurukun|town|accessdate=24 June 2017}} 4. ^{{Cite QPN|41768|Aurukun|locality|accessdate=24 June 2017}} 5. ^{{Census 2006 AUS |id=UCL302200 |name=Aurukun (Urban Centre/Locality) |accessdate=3 January 2008 |quick=on}} 6. ^{{citation|url=http://aurukun.qld.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Community-Safety-Plan-2013-2014.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204123035/http://aurukun.qld.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Community-Safety-Plan-2013-2014.pdf|archivedate=4 February 2014|title=Aurukun Community Safety Plan November 2013 – December 2014|publisher=Aurukun Shire Council|author=Aurukun Shire Council|date=20 November 2013}} 7. ^{{citation|url=http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/proceedings/21/carter.pdf|archivedate=12 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212093134/http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/proceedings/21/carter.pdf|first=Allan John|last=Carter|title=Juvenile Offending in Aurukun: A Response and Overview|publisher=Australian Government Australian Institute of Criminology|date=1992}} 8. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/special_eds/20110502/aurukun/docs/chronology.pdf|title=Return to Aurukun: Chronology|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Commission|date=2011}} 9. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/business/can-chalco-show-the-way-in-deal-with-aborigines-20080323-213t.html |title=Can Chalco show the way in deal with Aborigines? |author=Raphael Minder |accessdate=7 September 2014 |date=24 March 2008 |newspaper=The Age |publisher=Fairfax Media }} 10. ^{{Cite web | last = Premier Postal History | title = Post Office List | publisher = Premier Postal Auctions | url = https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=QLD&country= | accessdate = 10 May 2014}} 11. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/aurukun-gang-rape-case-prosecutor-quits-20080104-1k7z.html|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=4 January 2008|title=Aurukun gang rape case prosecutor quits|publisher=Fairfax Media}} 12. ^{{citation|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUIndigLawRw/2009/6.html|title=The Aurukun rape case, Indigenous sentencing and the normalisation of disadvantage|first=Caithleen|last=Storr|date=2009|journal=Australian Indigenous Law Review|issue=1|volume=13}} 13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-12-13/aurukun-rape-shows-up-200yrs-of-dreadful-policies/986362|title=Aurukun rape shows up 200yrs of dreadful policies: Beattie|last=Lauder|first=Simon|date=13 December 2007|website=ABC News|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=3 February 2018}} 14. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7136269.stm| work=BBC News| date=10 December 2007| title=Rape case ruling shocks Australia| accessdate=12 January 2008| archiveurl= 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web|url=http://education.qld.gov.au/library/edhistory/celebrations/dates/index.html|title=Aurukun State School|last=|first=|date=1 August 2013|website=Education Queensland|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=3 February 2018}} 18. ^{{Cite web|url=https://aurukunss.eq.edu.au/Supportandresources/Formsanddocuments/Annual%20reports/annual-report-2016.pdf|title=Aukurun State School Annural Report 2016|last=|first=|date=|website=Education Queensland|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=3 February 2018}} 19. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2011/s3201702.htm|title=Return to Aurukun|date=27 April 2011|first=Matthew|last=Carney|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Commission|work=Four Corners}} 20. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2012/s3565653.htm|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Commission|date=11 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705052034/http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2012/s3565653.htm|archivedate=5 July 2015|title=Great results from Cape York primary school}} 21. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/remove-children-plea-at-aurukun/2008/03/13/1205126111240.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715000420/http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/remove-children-plea-at-aurukun/2008/03/13/1205126111240.html|archivedate=15 July 2014|title='Remove children' plea at Aurukun|first=John|last=Van Tiggelen|date=14 March 2008|newspaper=The Age|publisher=Fairfax Media}} 22. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2009/s2700647.htm|title=Dispute over improved school attendance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705052340/http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2009/s2700647.htm|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Commission|archivedate=5 July 2015|date=30 September 2009|first=Annie|last=Guest}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-25/aurukun-teachers-evacuated-for-second-time/7444630|title=Aurukun teachers evacuated again over safety concerns|date=26 May 2016|accessdate=26 May 2016|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-26/aurukun-mothers-angry-school-closed/7446898|title=Aurukun troublemakers controlling Queensland Government 'like puppeteers'|date=26 May 2016|accessdate=26 May 2016|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}} 25. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2016/s4495361.htm|title=Controversial 'direct instruction' education at Aurukun school to change|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Commission|date=6 July 2016|first=Katherine|last=Gregory}} 26. ^{{citation|url=http://aurukun.qld.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Aurukun-Shire-Annual-Report-2012-13.pdf|page=18|title=Aurukun Shire Council Annual Report 2012/2013|date=2013|author=Aurukun Shire Council|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204122757/http://aurukun.qld.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Aurukun-Shire-Annual-Report-2012-13.pdf|archivedate=4 February 2014|publisher=Aurukun Shire Council}} 27. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cairnspost.com.au/lifestyle/aurukun-to-introduce-fluoride-to-its-water-supply/story-fnjpuwet-1227079599686|title=Aurukun to introduce fluoride to its water supply|date=5 October 2014|first=Daniel|last=Bateman|publisher=News Corp|newspaper=The Cairns Post}} 28. ^{{citation|url=http://www.civilteam.com.au/projects/our-projects/aurukun-infrastructure-works/p/103|title=Aurukun infrastructure works: Project profile|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312125257/http://www.civilteam.com.au/projects/our-projects/aurukun-infrastructure-works/p/103|archivedate=12 March 2015|publisher=CivilTeam Engineering}} 29. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/opinion/reform-perhaps-but-basics-first/2007/12/06/1196812914930.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|publisher=Fairfax Media|date=7 December 2007|title=Reform perhaps, but basics first|first=Philip|last=Martin|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630083949/http://www.smh.com.au/news/opinion/reform-perhaps-but-basics-first/2007/12/06/1196812914930.html?page=fullpage|archivedate=30 June 2015}} 30. ^{{cite press release|url=http://aurukun.qld.gov.au/aurukun-lobbies-government-to-fix-poor-telecommunications/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630084616/http://aurukun.qld.gov.au/aurukun-lobbies-government-to-fix-poor-telecommunications/|accessdate=30 June 2015|archivedate=30 June 2015|title=Aurukun lobbies Government to fix poor telecommunications|publisher=Aurukun Shire Council}} 31. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24215861-5013172,00.html |publisher=News Limited| newspaper=The Australian | first=Padraic | last=Murphy | title=Aurukun under constant surveillance | date=21 August 2008}} 32. ^{{citation|url=http://weinumexhibits.com.au/art-centres/wik-and-kugu-art-centre-%E2%80%93-aurukun|title=Wik and Kugu Art Centre – Aurukun|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705045152/http://weinumexhibits.com.au/art-centres/wik-and-kugu-art-centre-%E2%80%93-aurukun|archivedate=5 July 2015}} 33. ^1 {{citation|url=http://www.aboriginalartonline.com/regions/capeyork.php|title=Cape York Peninsula|archivedate=5 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205220338/http://www.aboriginalartonline.com/regions/capeyork.php|publisher=Aboriginal Art Online|date=2012}} 34. ^{{citation|url=http://aurukun.qld.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Arts-Centre-Presentation-for-ASC-website.pdf|title=Wik and Kugu Arts and Crafts Centre|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204123140/http://aurukun.qld.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Arts-Centre-Presentation-for-ASC-website.pdf|archivedate=4 February 2014}} 35. ^{{Cite web|url=http://plconnect.slq.qld.gov.au/networking/directory-of-public-libraries/branches/aurukun/wik_mungkan|title=Aurukun (Wik Mungkan Indigenous Knowledge Centre)|last=|first=|date=8 June 2017|website=Public Libraries Connect|publisher=State Library of Queensland|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2 February 2018}} 36. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-07-21/vandalism-closes-aurukun-pool/2804652|title=Vandalism closes Aurukun pool|first1=Kirsty|last1=Nancarrow|first2=Brad|last2=Ryan|date=21 July 2011|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Commission|archivedate=5 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705051250/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-07-21/vandalism-closes-aurukun-pool/2804652}} 37. ^{{cite news|last1=Carney|first1=Matthew|title=Return to Aurukun|url=http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2011/s3205722.htm|accessdate=5 August 2016|work=Four Corners|agency=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=2 May 2011}} 38. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/benefits-of-alcohol-management-plan-seen-in-wik-community/story-fn59niix-1226038118852|newspaper=The Australian|first=Tony|last=Koch|date=13 April 2011|title=Benefits of alcohol management plan seen in Wik community|publisher=News Limited}} 39. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2012/s3587055.htm|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Commission|title=Indigenous mayor wants to keep alcohol ban|date=10 September 2012|first=Miriam|last=Hall}} 40. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/in-depth/tortured-history-of-violence/2007/12/21/1198175332535.html?page=fullpage|title=Tortured history of violence|date=22 December 2007|newspaper=The Age|publisher=Fairfax Media|first=Russell|last=Skelton|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630083411/http://www.theage.com.au/news/in-depth/tortured-history-of-violence/2007/12/21/1198175332535.html?page=fullpage|archivedate=30 June 2015}} 41. ^{{cite press release|url=http://mypolice.qld.gov.au/farnorth/2015/04/09/drugs-and-alcohol-seized-aurukun/|title=Drugs and alcohol seized – Aurukun|first=Heidi|last=Marek|date=9 April 2015|publisher=Queensland Police|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630083047/http://mypolice.qld.gov.au/farnorth/2015/04/09/drugs-and-alcohol-seized-aurukun/|archivedate=30 June 2015}} 42. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/indigenous/alcoholfuelled-violence-led-support-staff-to-flee-aurukun/story-fn9hm1pm-1226972889716|first=Michael|last=McKenna|date=1 July 2014|title=Alcohol-fuelled violence led support staff to flee Aurukun |newspaper=The Australian|publisher=News Limited}} External links
10 : Towns in Queensland|Australian Aboriginal missions|Indigenous Australian reserves|Australian Aboriginal freehold title|Populated places in Far North Queensland|History of the Australia work of the Moravian Church|Gulf of Carpentaria|Aboriginal communities in Queensland|Wik peoples|Shire of Aurukun |
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