| 词条 | Blue-black grassquit |
| 释义 |
| image = tiziu.jpg | image_caption = male at Manduri, São Paulo State, Brazil | image2 = Volatinia jacarina female.jpg | image2_caption = female at Manduri, São Paulo State, Brazil{{Listen|filename=Volatinia jacarina.ogg|pos=left|title=Recorded at Arthur Nogueira (São Paulo State, Brazil) by Eurico Zimbres|format=Ogg|embed=yes}} | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | taxon = Volatinia jacarina | parent_authority = L. Reichenbach, 1850 | authority = (Linnaeus, 1766) | synonyms = Tanagra jacarina {{small|Linnaeus, 1766}} }} The blue-black grassquit (Volatinia jacarina) is a small bird in the tanager family, Thraupidae. It was previously classified in the bunting and American sparrow family, Emberizidae. It breeds from southern Mexico through Central America, and South America as far as northern Chile, Argentina and Paraguay, and on Trinidad and Tobago.[2] It is the only member of the genus Volatinia. DescriptionAdult blue-black grassquits are {{convert|10.2|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and weigh {{convert|9.3|g|oz|abbr=on}}. They have a slender conical black bill. The male is glossy blue-black, with a black tail and wings; the white inner underwing is visible in flight or display. Female and immature birds have brown upperparts and dark-streaked buff underparts. BehaviorSocial monogamous, extra-pair fertilizations, intraspecific parasitism, and quasi-parasitism are commonly found.[3][4] During the breeding season, males defend small territories, about 13,0 - 72,5 m2, dominant males are normally lighter.[5] The male has a jumping display, often performed for long periods, which gives rise to the local name "johnny jump-up". This is accompanied by a persistent wheezing jweeee call,[6] jumping several times in a minute.[7] The extravagant display also has a cost of call attention of predator, thus displays increase the nest predation.[8] Predation are the main cause of breeding failure,[9] and predator vocalizations can cause immune-related reaction to this specie.[10] Nests are small cups of rootlets (diameter about 7.5 cm) found at herbaceous vegetation 10–50 cm high,[11] clustered at landscape,[12] and placed preferably at high complex habitat spots.[13] Nests are built by both sexes.[9][14] References1. ^{{IUCN|id=22723396 |title=Volatinia jacarina |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.hbw.com/species/blue-black-grassquit-volatinia-jacarina|title=Blue-black Grassquit (Volatinia jacarina)|website=www.hbw.com|language=en|access-date=2018-05-14}} 3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Carvalho|first=Carlos B. V.|last2=Macedo|first2=Regina H.|last3=Graves|first3=Jefferson A.|date=2006-08-01|title=Breeding strategies of a socially monogamous neotropical passerine: extra-pair fertilizations, behavior, and morphology|journal=The Condor|volume=108|issue=3|pages=579–590|doi=10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[579:BSOASM]2.0.CO;2|issn=0010-5422}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Manica|first=Lilian T.|last2=Graves|first2=Jeff A.|last3=Podos|first3=Jeffrey|last4=Macedo|first4=Regina H.|date=2016-12-01|title=Multimodal flight display of a neotropical songbird predicts social pairing but not extrapair mating success|journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology|language=en|volume=70|issue=12|pages=2039–2052|doi=10.1007/s00265-016-2208-x|issn=0340-5443}} 5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Santos|first=Eduardo S.A.|last2=Maia|first2=Rafael|last3=Macedo|first3=Regina H.|date=2009|title=Condition-dependent resource value affects male–male competition in the blue–black grassquit|url=https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article-abstract/20/3/553/185611|journal=Behavioral Ecology|language=en|volume=20|issue=3|pages=553–559|doi=10.1093/beheco/arp031|issn=1465-7279}} 6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Manica|first=Lilian T.|last2=Macedo|first2=Regina H.|last3=Graves|first3=Jeff A.|last4=Podos|first4=Jeffrey|date=2016-09-20|title=Vigor and skill in the acrobatic mating displays of a Neotropical songbird|url=https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article-abstract/28/1/164/2453514|journal=Behavioral Ecology|language=en|volume=28|issue=1|pages=164–173|doi=10.1093/beheco/arw143|issn=1045-2249}} 7. ^{{Citation|last=Carlos Biagolini-Jr.|title=Tiziu - Blue-black Grassquit (Volatinia jacarina)|date=2018-04-25|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0_UaRNYcurk|accessdate=2018-05-14}} 8. ^{{Cite journal|last=Dias|first=Raphael I.|last2=Castilho|first2=Leonardo|last3=Macedo|first3=Regina H.|date=2010-11-01|title=Experimental Evidence that Sexual Displays are Costly for Nest Survival|journal=Ethology|language=en|volume=116|issue=11|pages=1011–1019|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01817.x|issn=1439-0310}} 9. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Carvalho|first=C. B. V.|last2=Macedo|first2=R. H. F.|last3=Graves|first3=J. A.|date=May 2007|title=Reproduction of Blue-black Grassquits in central Brazil|url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1519-69842007000200012&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en|journal=Brazilian Journal of Biology|volume=67|issue=2|pages=275–281|doi=10.1590/S1519-69842007000200012|issn=1519-6984}} 10. ^{{Cite journal|date=2014-11-01|title=Immune-related effects from predation risk in Neotropical blue-black grassquits (Volatinia jacarina)|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376635714001417|journal=Behavioural Processes|language=en|volume=109|pages=58–63|doi=10.1016/j.beproc.2014.07.003|pmid=25038547|issn=0376-6357|last1=Caetano|first1=João V.O.|last2=Maia|first2=Maya R.|last3=Manica|first3=Lilian T.|last4=MacEdo|first4=Regina H.}} 11. ^{{Cite journal|last=Almeida|first=Juliana B.|last2=Macedo|first2=Regina H.|date=2001-04-01|title=Lek-like mating system of the monogamous blue-black grassquit|journal=The Auk|volume=118|issue=2|pages=404–411|doi=10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0404:LLMSOT]2.0.CO;2|issn=0004-8038}} 12. ^{{Cite journal|last=Dias|first=Raphael Igor|last2=Kuhlmann|first2=Marcelo|last3=Lourenço|first3=Luciane R.|last4=Macedo|first4=Regina H.|date=2009-11-01|title=Territorial Clustering in the Blue-Black Grassquit: Reproductive Strategy in Response to Habitat and Food Requirements?|journal=The Condor|volume=111|issue=4|pages=706–714|doi=10.1525/cond.2009.090142|issn=0010-5422}} 13. ^{{Cite journal|last=Aguilar|first=Thais M.|last2=Dias|first2=Raphael I.|last3=Oliveira|first3=Ailton C.|last4=Macedo|first4=Regina H.|date=2008-03-01|title=Nest‐site selection by Blue‐black Grassquits in a Neotropical savanna: do choices influence nest success?|journal=Journal of Field Ornithology|language=en|volume=79|issue=1|pages=24–31|doi=10.1111/j.1557-9263.2008.00142.x|issn=1557-9263}} 14. ^{{Citation|last=Carlos Biagolini-Jr.|title=Tiziu - Blue-black Grassquit (Volatinia jacarina)|date=2018-04-25|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=THUyKkUZDXc|accessdate=2018-05-14}} External links{{Commons category|Volatinia jacarina}}{{Portal|Tanagers}}
9 : Thraupidae|Buntings (bird)|Birds of Central America|Birds of South America|Birds of Trinidad and Tobago|Birds described in 1766|Birds of the Amazon Basin|Birds of Brazil|Tanagers |
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