1. Background

2. Lancet study

3. Discredited link to MMR vaccinations

4. Retraction of paper

5. U.S. Court of Federal Claims

6. See also

7. References

8. External links

Reviews in the medical literature have found no link between the MMR vaccine and autism or bowel disease.^[4][5][8]

Most of Wakefield's coauthors later retracted the conclusions of the original paper proposing the hypothesis,^[9] and the General Medical Council found Wakefield guilty of manipulating patient data and misreporting results.^[10][6] His work has been exposed as falsified and described as an "elaborate fraud".^[3][4]

Background

Until the 1970s, autism was rarely accepted to be a distinctive diagnosis, but, following changes to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association it is diagnosed much more often. How much of this increase is due to greater diagnostic vigilance by doctors, changes in diagnostic categories, or an actual increase in prevalence, remains unclear. Late-onset autism cases are estimated at 25% and reported by sources including the British Medical Journal as not having changed in recent years.^[7]

Despite others{{Who|date=August 2011}} describing common bowel features, there have been no peer reviewed studies yet published, as of 2006, corroborating the existence of autistic enterocolitis; other studies have explicitly refuted its existence.^[8] Thus, it is not generally accepted that the types of colitis diagnosed in autistic individuals are either unique to autism, or more common in autistic people than in the general population.^[9]

Lancet study

When Wakefield and his colleagues first reported in 1998 a possible association between autistic regression, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and MMR vaccines in the Lancet, they evaluated a dozen children with pervasive developmental disorders, apparent developmental regression, and intestinal symptoms, referred to the Royal Free Hospital.^[10]

According to parents, onset of behavioral symptoms was linked to recent (within two weeks) immunization with MMR vaccine in eight of the children diagnosed with developmental disorders. The most consistent report was lymphoid nodular hyperplasia of the terminal ileum in nine of the children. This feature has also been reported to be very common in non-autistic children.^[11] A variety of colonic and rectal mucosal features were reported in eight cases. Biopsies of the ileum were reported to have shown reactive lymphoid follicular hyperplasia in seven. Biopsies of the colon were reported to have shown a diffuse mononuclear cell infiltrate in six.

Wakefield and his colleagues said they described features of regressive autism with bowel disorders, or what Wakefield would later call autistic enterocolitis, although these findings have been questioned, with claims that the association of features is substantially an artifact of preselection of vaccinated children with both developmental disorders and bowel symptoms for a UK lawsuit:^[12]

• Most of the children were reported to have swelling of the lymphoid tissue lining the intestines, particularly near where the small and large intestines meet, and inflammation of the large intestine, associated with constipation, diarrhea and, in some cases, pain.
• In some affected children, impaired cellular immunity to common recall antigens, with low numbers of circulating white blood cells were reported.
• A specific measles protein signal is claimed to have been detected in inflamed lymphoid tissue.
• In some cases, loss of speech and language, bowel disturbances, self-injury, and a self-limited diet, associated with cravings for particular foods.
• Allergies, food intolerances are also reported in some children.

In an April 2010 investigation into the origins of claims for "autistic enterocolitis", reporter Brian Deer revealed in the BMJ that the original pathology results on the children in the study (obtained from the Royal Free hospital) had been subjected to wholesale changes, from normal to abnormal, in the medical school.^[6] On 2 January 2011, Deer provided two tables comparing the data on the twelve children, showing the original hospital data and the data with the wholesale changes as used in the 1998 Lancet article.^[13]

A 2011 article in the British Medical Journal described how the data in the study had been falsified by Wakefield so it would arrive at a predetermined conclusion.^[14] An accompanying editorial in the same journal described Wakefield's work as an "elaborate fraud" which led to lower vaccination rates, putting hundreds of thousands of children at risk and diverting energy and money away from research into the true cause of autism.^[15]

Discredited link to MMR vaccinations

Wakefield has hypothesized that autistic enterocolitis is an emergent IBD phenotype that follows from exposure to the vaccinations given to children during a period when their immune systems are rapidly developing. Other research, however, rejects this hypothesis, and other groups have not reproduced Wakefield's findings.^[16] Researchers have identified a high incidence of bowel symptoms in autistic children before the MMR vaccine was licensed.^[17] It was also revealed that, prior to the publication of Wakefield's studies alleging a connection between the MMR vaccine and autistic enterocolitis, he had received over £400,000 from lawyers attempting to sue vaccine manufacturers. This conflict of interest, which Wakefield denies, has led many to criticize Wakefield and his results. The British General Medical Council has launched an inquiry into possible dishonesty by Wakefield regarding his research.^[26] In 2011, an article was published in the British Medical Journal which referred to Wakefield's 1998 paper as an "elaborate fraud."^[15]

Retraction of paper

The Lancet paper has been widely cited as an impetus for concerns regarding the MMR vaccine being a cause of autism. Wakefield gave interviews after the publication of the paper, including on 60 Minutes where he raised concerns regarding administration of the MMR vaccine. In the Lancet paper, Wakefield and his co-authors said on the issue:

"We did not prove an association between measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine and the syndrome described. Virological studies are underway that may help to resolve this issue"

This paper was partially retracted in 2004,^[9] then fully retracted in 2010.^[29]

In 2004, 10 of the 12 authors issued a statement in the Lancet entitled "Retraction of an interpretation".^[18] In this, the authors retracted the conclusion section of the paper, formally known in the Lancet and in many biomedical journals, as the "interpretation". The section of the paper retracted said:

"Interpretation. We identified associated gastrointestinal disease and developmental regression in a group of previously normal children, which was generally associated in time with possible environmental triggers."

In the retraction, issued in March 2004, they said:

"We wish to make it clear that in this paper no causal link was established between MMR vaccine and autism as the data were insufficient. However, the possibility of such a link was raised and consequent events have had major implications for public health. In view of this, we consider now is the appropriate time that we should together formally retract the interpretation placed upon these findings in the paper, according to precedent."

The authors also said:

"The main thrust of this paper was the first description of an unexpected intestinal lesion in the children reported. Further evidence has been forthcoming in studies from the Royal Free Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology and other groups to support and extend these findings. While much uncertainty remains about the nature of these changes, we believe it important that such work continues, as autistic children can potentially be helped by recognition and treatment of gastrointestinal problems."

The authors stated that they were unable to contact one of the two remaining original authors, John Linnell.

Just before the retraction, criticism arose over the fact that the Royal Free Hospital had received £55,000 in August 1996 from lawyers preparing to sue MMR manufacturers for support of Wakefield's research. Wakefield asserted that the donation was to fund a second clinical study; some of the children involved were subjects in both studies.^[19] However, it was subsequently revealed by The Sunday Times of London that Wakefield had personally been paid more than £400,000.^[20]

Wakefield, who did not sign the retraction, currently faces disciplinary charges before the General Medical Council over the conduct of this research.^[21] In February 2009 The Sunday Times reported that Wakefield had manipulated patient data and misreported results in his 1998 paper, creating the appearance of a link with autism.^[22]

In response to the GMC investigation and findings, the editors of The Lancet announced on 2 February 2010 that they "fully retract this paper from the published record."^[23]

In February 2012, the Cochrane Library published its analysis of dozens of "high quality" medical studies which concluded no link could be found between the MMR vaccine and bowel disease, autism or other pervasive developmental disorders. To increase the rigor of the meta-analysis, the criteria of the meta-analysis excluded smaller studies and studies that had the potential for bias. Wakefield's work was specifically excluded in the meta-analysis due to small sample size. With regard to the vaccine, Cochrane said that its survey of research "strongly supports its use".^[24]

U.S. Court of Federal Claims

On February 12, 2009, three Special Masters of the United States Court of Federal Claims rendered three opinions^[25] in three "test cases" that were proceeding in that court, each of which addressed causation issues relating to MMR vaccine and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The opinions were critical of Arthur Krigsman and his testimony about autistic enterocolitis, which the court said that he described as a "new form of gastrointestinal [GI] disorder." Typical of their criticism was the following passage found at page 199 of the opinion in the Snyder case:^[26] "Doctor Krigsman was qualified to testify about gastroenterology [but his] qualifications to establish the validity of a new form of gastrointestinal disorder, unrecognized by other authorities in the field, were ... sadly lacking." The court noted that the "medical textbooks" do not recognize autistic enterocolitis. At page 27, the same opinion stated that "Dr. Krigsman’s testimony about autistic enterocolitis as a diagnostic entity was speculative."

In his judgment in Cedillo v Secretary for Health and Human Services, February 12, 2009, Special Master George Hastings said:

"To be sure, the petitioners in this case have stressed that they rely upon Dr Krigsman as their expert concerning the causation of GI symptoms, not Dr Wakefield. Thus, they argue that criticisms of the personal integrity of Dr Wakefield are not relevant here. However, because Dr Krigsman’s general causation approach clearly was strongly influenced by Dr Wakefield’s theory, criticisms of Dr Wakefield’s “autistic enterocolitis” theory are relevant, and criticisms relating to Dr Wakefield’s credibility in developing that theory are of relevance as well. Therefore, it is a noteworthy point that not only has that “autistic enterocolitis” theory not been accepted into gastroenterology textbooks, but that theory, and Dr Wakefield’s role in its development, have been strongly criticized as constituting defective or fraudulent science."

See also

• List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
• MMR vaccine controversy
• Leaky gut

References

External links

• {{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206081900/http://www.cdc.gov/nip/vacsafe/concerns/autism/ibd.htm|title=Measles Vaccine and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)|archive-date=2007-02-06|dead-url=yes|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nip/vacsafe/concerns/autism/ibd.htm|website=Centers for Disease Control}}
• {{cite journal |vauthors=Demicheli V, Rivetti A, Debalini MG, Di Pietrantonj C |title=Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=2 |issue= 2|pages=CD004407 |year=2012 |pmid=22336803 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub3}}
• {{cite journal |vauthors=Fombonne E, Chakrabarti S |author-link=Eric Fombonne |title=No evidence for a new variant of measles-mumps-rubella-induced autism |journal=Pediatrics |volume=108 |issue=4 |pages=E58 |date=October 2001 |pmid=11581466 |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/108/4/e58 |doi=10.1542/peds.108.4.e58}}
• {{cite journal |vauthors=Wakefield A, Anthony A, Murch S, Thomson M, Montgomery S, Davies S, O'Leary J, Berelowitz M, Walker-Smith J |title=Enterocolitis in children with developmental disorders |journal=Am J Gastroenterol |volume=95 |issue=9 |pages=2285–95 |date=September 2000 |pmid=11007230 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.03248.x}}{{Retracted|doi=10.1038/ajg.2010.149|intentional=yes}}

• J. P. Beaumont
• J. P. Bickell
• JP Cannon
• J. P. Coleman State Park
• JPDA
• J. P. Darche
• JP Dellacamera
• J.P. Desai
• J. P. Donleavy
• J.P.Dumont
• JPE
• .jpe
• .jpeg
• Jpeg
• .JPEG
• JPEG
• JPEG-2000
• JPEG 2000
• JPEG2000
• JPEG file format
• JPEG File Interchange Format
• JPEG Image
• JPEG Network Graphics
• Jpegtran
• J. Percy Priest