| 词条 | Awan (tribe) |
| 释义 |
Awan ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|اعوان}}}}) is a tribe living predominantly in northern, central, and western parts of Pakistani Punjab, with significant numbers also residing in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Azad Kashmir and to a lesser extent in Sindh and Balochistan. HistoryAhmad Hasan Dani claimed that the Awans were, in fact, indigenous to Northern Punjab, and might well be the ancient Abanii mentioned by Greek and Roman travelers and historians.[1]People of the Awan community have a strong presence in the Pakistani Army[2]{{qn|date=March 2015}} and have a strong martial tradition.[3] Christophe Jaffrelot says: {{quote|The Awan deserve close attention, because of their historical importance and, above all, because they settled in the west, right up to the edge of Baluchi and Pashtun territory. [Tribal] Legend has it that their origins go back to Imam Ali and his second wife, Hanafiya. Historians describe them as valiant warriors and farmers who imposed their supremacy on their close kin the Janjuas in part of the Salt Range, and established large colonies all along the Indus to Sind, and a densely populated centre not far from Lahore.[4]}} On a rural level, Awans historically were of the zamindar or landowning class,[5] and many Awan families to this day live on and cultivate land, which their ancestors have held for centuries. They often carry titles typical to Punjabis who own tracts of ancestral land.[6] Notable people
See also
References1. ^AH Dani 'Some prominent tribes of Northern Punjab: A Monograph' Peshawar, 1993 {{Castes and Tribes of the Punjab}}2. ^Jones, P.E., 2003, The Pakistan People's Party: Rise To Power, Oxford University Press, p.61. 3. ^Ali, I., 2003, The Punjab under Imperialism, 1885–1947, Oxford University Press, p.114. 4. ^{{cite book |title=A History of Pakistan and Its Origins |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |authorlink=Christophe Jaffrelot |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2004 |page=205 |isbn=978-1-84331-149-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC}} 5. ^Ahmed, S., 1977, Class and Power in a Punjabi Village, Monthly Review Press, p.p. 131-132. 6. ^Ahsan, A., 1996, The Indus Saga and the Making of Pakistan, Oxford University Press, p.88. 7. ^Sarwar, S., 2002, Wadi Soon Sakesar: The Soon Valley, Al-Faisal Nashran, p.35, p.149, p.152, p.163, p.177. 8. ^Khan, R., 1999, The American Papers: Secret and Confidential India-Pakistan-Bangladesh Documents, 1965–1973, Oxford University Press, p.265. 9. ^Feldman, H., 1972, From Crisis to Crisis: Pakistan 1962–1969, Oxford University MPress, p.57. 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/805375/the-king-of-tragedy-dilip-kumars-92nd-birthday-celebrated-in-the-city/|title=‘The King of Tragedy’: Dilip Kumar’s 92nd birthday celebrated in the city - The Express Tribune|author=|date=11 December 2014|website=tribune.com.pk}} 2 : Punjabi tribes|Social groups of Pakistan |
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