| 词条 | Ay dynasty |
| 释义 |
|conventional_long_name = Ays |common_name = Ay dynasty |religion = Hinduism |p1 = |p2 = |s1 = |s2 = |s3 = |year_start = |year_end = |Village administration by individuals= |date_start = |date_end = |event_start = |event_end = |image_coat = |symbol_type = |image_map = Vizhinjam Port aerial view.jpg |image_map_caption = The modern port of Vizhinjam. Vizhinjam was the medieval headquarters of the Ay kingdom |capital =
|common_languages = Tamil Malayalam |government_type = |title_leader = |leader1 = |year_leader1 = |leader2 = |year_leader2 = |leader3 = |year_leader3 = |leader4 = |year_leader4 = |leader5 = |year_leader5 = |currency = |category= |footnotes = }}Ay dynasty, also known as Kupaka in medieval period,[1] were an Indian ruling lineage which controlled the south-western tip of the peninsula, from the early historic period up to the medieval period.[2] The clan traditionally held sway over the harbour of Vizhinjam, the fertile region of Nanjanad, and southern parts of the spice-producing Western Ghat mountains.[3][4] The Ays formed one of the major chieftains of early historic Kerala, along with the Cheras of central Kerala and the Musakas of Elimalai in the north.[5] Greek geographer Claudius Ptolemy (2nd century CE) described the "Aioi" territory as extending from the Baris (Pamba) to Cape Comorin (Kanyakumari). The elephant was the emblem of the Ays.[3] It is speculated that the name Ay is derived from the early Tamil word "Ay" meaning cowherd.[6] The medieval Ay lineage has its origins in the hill-chiefs of early historic south India.[2] The Ay kingdom functioned as a buffer state between the powerful Pandyas/Cholas and the Cheras (Kerala) in the medieval period.[3] A number of kings such as Chadayan Karunanthan, Karunanthadakkkan "Srivallabha" (r. 856-884), and Vikramaditya "Varaguna" (r. 884-911 CE) figure as the Ay chiefs of the harbour of Vizhinjam.[5] The famous Brahmin salai at Kantalur, somewhere near present-day Trivandrum, was located in the Ay kingdom. The salai was sacked by Chola emperor Rajaraja I (985 - 1014 AD[7]) in c. 988 CE.[5] Historians assume that the Ays were the leading power in the region till c. 10th century CE.[3] The medieval Ays claimed that they belonged to the Yadava or Vrishni lineage and this claim was advanced by the rulers of Venad and Travancore.[8][9] Sri Padmanabha in Trivandrum was the tutelary deity of the medieval Ay family.[3] HistoryThe Ay clan was one of the major hill-chiefs of early historic south India.[3] Members of the Ay family- of the Podiyil Hills (the Aykudi) - were related to the early historic Cheras of central Kerala.[5] Towards the close of the early historic period, Pandya supremacy might have extended to the Ay territory (through it is likely that the Ays gained their independence during the so-called Kalabhra period).[5][3] Ay chieftains in early Tamil poemsA number of Ay chiefs such as Andiran, Titiyan and Atiyan are mentioned in the early Tamil poems.[5]
Ay kingdom in medieval south IndiaThe Pandyas of Madurai were continuously fighting the Chera dynasty, rulers of western Tamil Nadu and central Kerala, in the 8th century CE. Kings such as Rajasimha I Pandya (r. 730-65 CE) and Jatila Paranthaka "Varaguna" (r. 765-815 CE) seems to have occupied the Chera capital Vanchi-Karur in the Kongu Country in c. 765 CE. The territory of the ancient Cheras, except modern central Kerala, gradually passed into the Pandya sphere of influence.[10] In c. 765 CE, Pandya king Jatila Paranthaka sacked the Ay port Vizhinjam, conquered the Vel chief of Ays and took possession of the Ay kingdom. This foray brought the Chera/Kulasekhara rulers of Kodungallur (Makotai) into the conflict and a prolonged Pandya-Chera struggle followed. The Pandyas are still found fighting the Ay chief Chadayan Karunanthan at Aruviyoorkotta (Aruvikkara near Thalakulam) in 788 CE. In 792 CE the Pandyas are seen fighting at Vizhinjam and Karaikkotta (Karaikkodu near Thalakulam) against the Chera warriors.[5] The Madras Museum Inscription of Pandya ruler Maran Chadayan (latter half of the 8th century) mentions a certain regional chief called "Vel Mannan". This chief, who might have been related to the Ay family, was controlling the port of Vizhinjam.[11] It is a possibility that the Vel Mannan of the Madras Museum Inscription was or came under the over-lordship of Kodungallur by the early 8th century CE and the medieval ruling family of Venad arose from this chief.[11][3] By the middle of the 9th century, as a result of the encroachment of the Pandyas and Cheras, the old Ay kingdom was partitioned into two portions.[4][5][8] Venad with its base at Kollam became one of the autonomous chiefdoms[11] of the Chera kingdom while the Ay (Kupaka) kingdom, or what was left of it, with its base at Vizhinjam came under the influence of the Pandya ruler Srimara Srivallabha (r. 815-862).[5][4][2] Ay contemporary of the Pandya king Srivallabha was called Karunanthadakkkan "Srivallabha" (r. 856-884). Some of the inscriptions does say about the certain victory of king Srivallabha at Vizhinjam.[4][5] {{multiple image| width = 240 | align = center | image1=Paliyam copper plates.jpg | alt1=Paliyam copper plate | image2=Paliyam copper plate2.jpg | alt2=Paliyam copper plate | image3=Paliyam copper5plate.jpg | alt3=Paliyam copper plate | footer = Paliyam copper plates (898 AD) }} Srivallabha was succeeded on the Pandya throne by Varaguna II (r. 862-885 CE).[5] The Ay kings of Vizhinjam remained vassals of the Pandyas, as indicated by the surname of Vikramaditya "Varaguna" (r. 884-911). But in 898 CE, Vikramaditya is seen making huge land gifts to the Srimulavasa temple in the Chera kingdom (the Paliyam copper plates, 898 CE). The wife of a Chera king, Iravi Neeli alias Kizhan Adikal, is also seen at the Siva temple at Thirunandikkaram, deep into the Ay kingdom.[5] It is possible that after the Chola victory over the Pandyas in 910 CE, the chiefs of Venad were determined on extending their sway into the Ay kingdom.[5] Their opportunity might have came in the disorder following the Chola defeat at the Battle of Takkolam (949 CE). There is a possibility that after the defeat of the Cholas at Takkolam, the Ay kingdom revived their autonomy with Chera support, and organised resistance to the Cholas. An inscription of the Chola ruler Kulothunga refers to the Kantalur salai in the Ay kingdom as "salai of the Chera". The Vel chiefs, owing allegiance to the Cheras, might have captured the whole region down to Kottaru.[5] In general, the control of the Chera ruler at Kodungallur might have spread into the Ay territory in the 10th century CE.[11] The southern parts of the present Kanyakumari district were controlled by the Ay chiefs until the end of the 10th century CE.[11] The famous Brahmin salai at Kantalur, somewhere near present-day Trivandrum, was located in the Ay kingdom. The salai was sacked by Chola emperor Rajaraja I (985 - 1014 CE[7]) in c. 988 CE.[5] The region to the south of Trivandrum (former Ay territory) came under the control of the Cholas during the 11th century. The Cholas raided cities such as Kodungallur in the early decades of the century, but never tried to annex the proper Chera kingdom. They seem to be satisfied with the submission of the king at Kodungallur.[11] There is a possibility that the Venad chiefs tried to recapture the old Ay region after the raids by Rajaraja I. Chola ruler Rajadhiraja (1044-1054) claims to have "confined the undaunted king of Venadu [back] to the Chera kingdom".[11] A branch of the old Ay family, which had been controlling the temple of Sri Padmanabha from 12th century, later merged with the ruling house of Venad. This branch had its headquarters at Trippappur in Trivandrum.[3] See also
References1. ^Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 179. {{coord missing|Kerala|Tamil Nadu}}{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata |state=collapsed}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Ay Kingdom}}2. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Ganesh|first=K.N.|date=June 2009|title=Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/037698360903600102|journal=Indian Historical Review|volume=36|issue=1|pages=3–21|doi=10.1177/037698360903600102|issn=0376-9836}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 A Survey of Kerala History, A. Sreedhara Menon, D C Books Kerala (India), 2007, {{ISBN|81-264-1578-9}}, {{ISBN|978-81-264-1578-6}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&dq=chera+dynasty&source=gbs_navlinks_s] 4. ^1 2 3 Narayanan, M. G. S. 2002. ‘The State in the Era of the Ceraman Perumals of Kerala’, in State and Society in Premodern South India, eds R. Champakalakshmi, Kesavan Veluthat, and T. R. Venugopalan, pp.111–19. Thrissur, CosmoBooks. 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy: Political and Social Conditions of Kerala Under the Cēra Perumāḷs of Makōtai (c. AD 800 - AD 1124). Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 191 - 193, 435 - 437. [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&dq=PERUMALS+OF+KERALA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2gJ6O9NzcAhUHq48KHSHsCaEQ6AEILDAB] 6. ^A Dictionary Of The Tamil And English Languages, Volume 1, Page 131 7. ^1 Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 122-24. 8. ^1 Aiya, V. Nagam. The Travancore State Manual. Vol 1. Part 2. Trivandrum: The Travancore Government Press, 1906 [https://books.google.com/books?id=AVd1AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT222#v=onepage&q&f=false] 9. ^{{Cite journal|last=Ganesh|first=K.N.|date=February 1990|title=The Process of State Formation in Travancore|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/025764309000600102|journal=Studies in History|volume=6|issue=1|pages=15–33|doi=10.1177/025764309000600102|issn=0257-6430}} 10. ^Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 93. 11. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Ganesh, K. N. Agrarian Relations and Political Authority in Medieval Travancore (A. D. 1300-1750). Doctoral Thesis. Jawaharlal Nehru University, 1987. 22-25. 3 : History of Kerala|History of Tamil Nadu|Chera kingdom |
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