| 词条 | Ayoreo language | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name= Ayoreo |states= Paraguay, Bolivia |region= Chaco, Alto Paraguay departments (Paraguay), Santa Cruz department (Bolivia) |ethnicity= Ayoreo people |speakers=3,160 |date=2011 |ref=[1] |familycolor=American |fam1=Zamucoan |iso3=ayo |linglist=qro |lingname=Guarañoca |dia1=Tsiracua |glotto=ayor1240 |glottoname=Ayoreo |glotto2=zamu1245 |glottoname2=Zamuco }} Ayoreo is a Zamucoan language spoken in both Paraguay and Bolivia. It is also known as Morotoco, Moro, Ayoweo, Ayoré, and Pyeta Yovai. However, the name "Ayoreo" is more common in Bolivia, and "Morotoco" in Paraguay. It is spoken by Ayoreo, an indigenous ethnic group traditionally living on a combined hunter-gatherer and farming lifestyle. ClassificationAyoreo is classified as a Zamucoan language, along with Chamacoco. Extinct Guarañoca may have been a dialect. Geographic distributionAyoreo is spoken in both Paraguay and Bolivia, with 3,100 speakers total, 1700 of those in Paraguay and 1,400 in Bolivia. Within Paraguay, Ayoreo is spoken in the Chaco Department and the northern parts of the Alto Paraguay Department. In Bolivia, it is spoken in the Gran Chaco Province, in the Santa Cruz Department. PhonologyBertinetto (2009) reports that Ayoreo has the 5 vowels /a, e, i, o, u/, which appear both as oral and nasal.[2]
GrammarThe prototypical constituent order is subject-verb-object, as seen in the following examples (Bertinetto 2009:45-46):
Ayoreo is a fusional language.[3] Verbs agree with their subjects, but there is no tense-inflection.[4] Consider the following paradigm, which has prefixes marking person and suffixes marking number (Bertinetto 2009:29):
When the verb root contains a nasal, there are nasalized variants of the agreement affixes:
Ayoreo is a mood-prominent language.[3] Nouns can be divided into possessable and non-possessable; possessor agreement is expressed through a prefixation.[5] The syntax of Ayoreo is characterized by the presence of para-hypotactical structures.[6] Notes1. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ayo|title=Ayoreo|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-07-20|language=en}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~saphon|title=SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories|website=linguistics.berkeley.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-07-20}} 3. ^1 Bertinetto, Pier Marco 2009. Ayoreo (Zamuco). A grammatical sketch. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. 8 n.s. 4. ^Ciucci, Luca 2007/08. Indagini sulla morfologia verbale nella lingua ayoreo. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, n.s. 7. 5. ^Ciucci, Luca 2010. La flessione possessiva dell'ayoreo. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, n.s. 9,2. 6. ^Bertinetto, Pier Marco & Luca Ciucci 2012. Parataxis, Hypotaxis and Para-Hypotaxis in the Zamucoan Languages. In: Linguistic Discovery 10.1: 89-111. References
External links
5 : Languages of Bolivia|Languages of Paraguay|Indigenous languages of the South American Chaco|Zamucoan languages|Subject–verb–object languages |
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