| 词条 | Baku Initiative |
| 释义 |
The Baku Initiative is an international initiative of the European Union.[1] It is a policy dialogue on energy and transport cooperation between the European Union, Turkey, and the former Soviet republics, undertaken as part of the INOGATE energy and TRACECA transport programmes.[2][3] HistoryThe Baku Initiative is originating from the European Neighbourhood Policy launched in 2004.[3][5] On 13 November 2004, the First Ministerial Conference on Energy Cooperation between the EU and the littoral states of the Black Sea, Caspian Sea and their neighbours was held in Baku.[2][3][4] Conclusions of this conference became known as the Baku Initiative.[5] At the same time, a Transport Ministerial conference was held, resulting in a formal announcement on 14 November, supporting the framework of the EU TRACECA programme. A second Ministerial Conference following up the Energy Initiative was held in Astana, Kazakhstan on 30 November 2006.[2][11][6][13][7] A second Transport Ministerial Conference was held in Sofia, Bulgaria on 2–3 May 2006.[8] ObjectivesEnergyThe Initiative aims to enhance integration of the energy markets of participating countries with the EU energy market so as to create transparent energy markets, capable of attracting investment as well as enhancing security of energy supply.[7][9] Some authors describe this aim as European funding and investment for infrastructure development in return for a guarantee of supplies to European markets.[10] The objectives of the initiative are harmonisation of legal and technical standards so as to create a functioning integrated energy market in accordance with EU and international legal and regulatory frameworks; increasing the safety and security of energy supplies by extending and modernising existing infrastructure; substituting old and inefficient power generation infrastructures with environmentally friendly power generation infrastructures; developing new infrastructures and implementing a modern monitoring system of their operation; improvement of energy supply and demand management through the integration of efficient and sustainable energy systems; and promoting the financing of commercially and environmentally viable energy projects of common interest. A road map to achieve these objectives was adopted at the Astana Ministerial Conference.[2][5][11][10][7] The road map lists following priorities:
These activities were financed through the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the European Investment Bank.[10] TransportAccording to the EU Transport Directorate, 'The Baku Initiative aims to give an impulse to Trans-European transport cooperation on the basis of the mutual interest for the progressive integration of their respective transport networks and markets in accordance with EU and international legal and regulatory frameworks. It provides a supportive framework for TRACECA to foster the reflection on the cooperation between the EU-Black Sea/Caspian littoral States and their Neighbours, and to ensure the consistency with the EU priorities in the context of its Neighbourhood Policy. Following the conclusions reached at the EU-Caspian region Transport Ministerial Conference on 14 November 2004 in Baku, 4 expert working groups have been created (aviation, security in all modes of transport, road and rail transport, transport infrastructure).'[8] Following the Sofia meeting in 2006, a fifth working group was added, dealing with maritime transport. Partner countries of the Baku InitiativeThe partner countries of the transport and energy aspects and issues of the Baku Initiative are listed below. Aside from Turkey, the majority of the members are the former republics of the Soviet Union:[3][6][7] {{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
StructureThe European Union follows the progress of the Baku Initiative through the European Commission (Directorate General for Transport & Energy; Directorate General for External Relations, and EuropeAid Cooperation Office). The INOGATE Technical Secretariat (which is located in Kiev, with a regional office in Tbilisi covering the Caucasus) co-ordinates the energy aspects on behalf of the Commission and the TRACECA Secretariat, (which is located in Baku with a regional office in Odessa) performs the same function for the transport aspects.[13] CriticsSome experts, e.g. Frank Umbach of Centre for European Security Strategies, have criticised the Baku Initiative and other policies towards the Caspian region for concentrating too much on the technical cooperation instead of seeking a more strategic long-term cooperation.[14] See also
References1. ^{{cite book | author = IEA | title = IEA energy policies review: the European Union – 2008 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1TyXCd6ziXQC&pg=PA127 | year = 2008 | publisher = OECD | isbn = 978-92-64-04337-4 | page = 127}} 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |first = Burcu |last = Gültekin-Punsmann |title = Black Sea Regional Policy Approach: A Potential Contributor to European Energy Security |url = http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/104587/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/9490c023-3c19-46e8-9a8c-65f6a2d7ef96/en/PB_06.pdf |format = PDF |date = May 2008 |publisher = ICBSS |journal = Policy Brief |issue = 6 |pages = 9–10 |accessdate = 10 August 2011 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111009052530/http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/104587/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/9490c023-3c19-46e8-9a8c-65f6a2d7ef96/en/PB_06.pdf |archivedate = 9 October 2011 |df = dmy-all}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite conference |first=Ozgur |last=Tonus |title=Turkey's future role as a transit country for Central Asia and Caspian natural gas transfer to the EU: the Nabucco Project |url=http://bildiri.anadolu.edu.tr/papers/bildirimakale/106_901j22.pdf |format=PDF |year=2008 |publisher=Athens Institute for Education and Research |conference=6th International Conference on Politics and International Affairs |location=Athens |pages=9; 15 |accessdate=10 August 2011 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 4. ^1 {{cite journal |url= http://aei.pitt.edu/11477/1/1883.pdf |title= The EU and Central Asia: Commercialising the Energy Relationship |first1 = Michael | last1 = Denison |journal = EUCAM Working Papers |publisher= EUCAM |issue = 2 |date=July 2009 |page= 5 |format = PDF |isbn= 978-92-9079-901-6 |accessdate= 10 August 2011}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=U30skV5UTaoC&pg=PA144 |title= The Black Sea region and EU policy: the challenge of divergent agendas |first1 = Karen | last1 = Henderson |first2 = Carol | last2 = Weaver |publisher= Ashgate Publishing |year=2010 |pages=144–145 |isbn= 978-1-4094-1201-4}} 6. ^1 {{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=I2EA6xBc4jUC&pg=PA32 |title= Energy Security: International and Local Issues, Theoretical Perspectives, and Critical Energy Infrastructures |first1 = Adrian | last1 = Gheorghe |first2 = Liviu | last2 = Muresan |publisher= Springer |year=2011 |page = 32 |isbn= 978-9400707184}} 7. ^1 2 3 {{cite news | agency = Environmental News Service | title = EU, Caspian, Black Sea States Plan Common Energy Market | url = http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/nov2006/2006-11-30-02.asp | date = 30 November 2006 | accessdate = 10 August 2011}} 8. ^1 European Commission Transport Directorate website, Baku Initiative 9. ^{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=o8RReXBkTScC&pg=PA289 |title= The European Union and Global Governance: A Handbook |first1 = Jens Uwe | last1 = Wunderlich |first2 = David J. | last2 = Bailey |publisher= Taylor & Francis |series = Routledge International Handbooks Series |year=2011 |page = 289 |isbn= 978-1-85743-509-2}} 10. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-9JKX0gWET0C&pg=PA104 |title= Energy security: Europe's new foreign policy challenge |first1 = Richard | last1 = Youngs |publisher= Taylor & Francis |series = Routledge advances in European politics |volume = 53 |year=2009 |pages = 104–105 |isbn= 978-0-415-47804-5}} 11. ^1 {{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=A7nDoY6DpLgC&pg=PA85 |title= The Globalization of Energy: China and the European Union |first1 = Medhi | last1 = Amineh |first2 = Guang | last2 = Yang |first3 = Yang | last3 = Guang |publisher= BRILL |series = International Comparative Social Studies |volume = 21 |year=2010 |pages=85; 87 |isbn= 978-90-04-18112-0}} 12. ^{{cite conference |url=http://www.prange-gstoehl.eu/Heiko/Data/A%20ring%20of%20friends....pdf |title='A ring of friends...'? EU external energy policy and regulatory boundary shifting towards its eastern neighbourhood |first1=Heiko |last1=Prange |conference=6th CEEISA Convention "Global and Regional Governance – European Perspectives and Beyond" |location=Wroclaw |date=24–26 May 2007 |page=6 |format=PDF |accessdate=10 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133640/http://www.prange-gstoehl.eu/Heiko/Data/A%20ring%20of%20friends....pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy }} 13. ^{{cite book | last = Talus | first = Kim | title = Vertical Natural Gas Transportation Capacity, Upstream Commodity Contracts and EU Competition Law | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ5F4cs_OJ8C&pg=PA29 | year = 2011 | publisher = Kluwer Law International | isbn = 978-90-411-3407-3 | page = 29}} 14. ^{{cite book | last = Umbach | first = Frank | editor1-last = Dellecker | editor1-first = Adrian | editor2-last = Gomart | editor2-first = Thomas | title = Russian Energy Security and Foreign Policy | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PBKcc2QtDxQC&pg=PA27 | chapter = Energy security in Eurasia. Clashing interests | year = 2011 | publisher= Taylor & Francis | isbn = 978-1-136-72423-7 | page = 27}} External links
30 : Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union|International energy organizations|Transport and the European Union|Energy in Azerbaijan|Energy in Armenia|Energy in Georgia (country)|Energy in Kazakhstan|Energy in Kyrgyzstan|Energy in Moldova|Energy in Tajikistan|Energy in Uzbekistan|Energy in Romania|Energy in Turkey|Energy in Turkmenistan|Energy in Ukraine|Transport in Bulgaria|Transport in Azerbaijan|Transport in Armenia|Transport in Georgia (country)|Transport in Kazakhstan|Transport in Kyrgyzstan|Transport in Moldova|Transport in Tajikistan|Transport in Uzbekistan|Transport in Romania|Transport in Turkey|Transport in Turkmenistan|Transport in Ukraine|Post-Soviet alliances|European Commission projects |
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