| 词条 | Balanced-arm lamp |
| 释义 |
A balanced-arm lamp, sometimes called a floating arm lamp, is a lamp with an adjustable folding arm which is constructed so that the force due to gravity is always counteracted by springs, regardless of the position of the arms of the lamp. Many lamp brands (such as the Anglepoise, originator of the concept, and Luxo L-1) as well as other devices, such as drawing boards, use this principle. ConfigurationA balanced-arm lamp has a base, two connected arms fitted with springs, and a lamp-head. The lamp can be moved into any position, and the springs will maintain the position until moved again. The same mechanism can be employed in other devices with similar requirements, such as copy holders for typists and some computer display holders. This article uses the terminology lamp cap, forearm, upper arm and base for the four basic parts of these lamps. For the physics and theory behind balanced-arm lamps, see Classical mechanics, linkage and torque. There are different methods to balance the lamp-cap of a balanced-arm lamp. Some lamps have two coil springs working in parallel on both sides of the pivoting arm. (A set of springs functions in the same way as a single spring.) Others are balanced with counterweights (a method frequently used in drawing-boards). Friction between parts of the lamp arm can also be used to maintain balance. There are a number of mechanical solutions (coupling, hydraulics and pneumatic arms) which have occasionally been used for balanced-arm lamps. Lamps balanced with springsThere are many variations of construction with springs. Springs can be located on the mechanical equivalent of the forearm or the upper arm, or both, as well as nearer the base. Some lamps use tension springs, and others use compression springs. The adjacent image shows (left to right) a compression spring at rest, then under load, followed by a tension spring at rest, and then under load. Springs have a limited lifting capacity and extension length. Some springs can resonate, producing low-level unwanted noise. {{clear}}One tension spring
This lamp has a stiff flexible tube as its forearm, and a spring-balanced arm to support it near the middle. That way there is a flexible lamp with a long reach. {{clear}}
The wheel to control the forearm is smaller than the wheel that controls the upper arm. The lamp cap rotates the same direction as the upper arm and forearm. {{clear}}
With this technique the tension spring has a double function: it controls both the forearm and the upper arm. This is not a common arm lamp system. The lamp cap rotates the same direction as the upper arm and forearm. {{clear}}Two tension springs
One tension spring set controls the forearm, which is a parallelogram having two bars. A stronger spring set controls the upper arm, which has three parallel bars (see photo, left). (There is a less stable construction with two parallel bars in the upper arm which is less expensive to manufacture.) Due to the parallel linkage of the lamp, the lamp cap keeps pointing in the same vertical direction when adjusting the height of the lamp. As with most balanced-arm lamps, the whole assembly can rotate in the horizontal plane, and is mounted on a stable foot. {{clear}}
A lamp like the Anglepoise lamp has one parallelogram and two extension springs. One spring controls the shortest arm of a parallelogram. Parallel to this shortest arm there is the forearm. To keep these arms parallel there are two other parallel arms (upper arm) that are controlled by a second extension spring. The lamp cap rotates the same direction as the upper arm and forearm. {{clear}}
The forearm of this lamp consist of a single bar. When it is adjusted, the angle of the lamp cap changes along with the arm. {{clear}}
A lamp like the Tolomeo desk lamp has no parallelograms in either arm. In this modern lamp the tension springs are hidden in the arms. The lamp cap rotates the same direction as the upper arm and forearm. {{clear}}Compression springs
The short arms (green) stay parallel. One spring puts pull force on the blue arm. (If the blue arm is tilted back the second spring on this arm gets push force.) The blue arm controls the two parallel arms (red) that make up the upper arm. The other spring puts pull force on the other blue arm. This arm controls the forearm (magenta). The two springs can be the same size; one spring has to lift more weight but is more vertical. The other spring lifts less weight but is more horizontal. {{clear}}
One compression spring controls a very short arm (grey). The Roller chain cable connects this arm parallel to the forearm (yellow). The longer spring controls the (blue) arm. The body (red) can turn in the horizontal plane. The body is connected to a stable foot. The body can be smaller because the pressure springs can protrude below the body. {{clear}}
In this method, just one compression spring controls a pantographic arm. {{clear}}Lamps balanced by pressure and friction
| width = 300 | footer = The arms are balanced by pressure and friction | image1 = friction rubber arm lamp.PNG | alt1 = Friction rubber arm | caption1 = Friction rubber arm | image2 = squeezing rubber arm lamp outer position.PNG | alt2 = Squeezing rubber arm | caption2 = Squeezing rubber arm This construction is quite common in Italian lamps. Gravity causes the parallelogram to deform, making the gap between the long arms smaller. This increases pressure on the rubber in the gap, and the resulting friction holds the arm in balance. {{clear}}Lamps balanced with one counterweightAn advantages of one swinging counterbalance is that the lamp can have a longer arm length. Disadvantages are that the stand is less stable, the lamp needs a heavy foot to stand stable.
This construction uses a chain to keep the arm with the counterweight and the forearm parallel. The lamp-cap and counterweight move in opposite directions (both away from the base or both towards it). The balance that is required is shown by the following formula: d1 = Lamp-cap to base; m1 = weight of lamp-cap d2 = counterweight to base; m2 = weight of counterweight m1 × d1 = m2 × d2{{clear}}
This lamp has a heavy base, with a parallelogram pantograph construction formed by bars which are all hinged on each other. One long bar extends past the parallelogram construction and has a counterweight. One short bar also extends past the parallelogram construction and holds the lamp cap. The base has an arc formed stand so the counterweight does not hit the stand in vertical position. {{clear}}
This lamp is similar to the one above, but as the counterweight has a low position the lamp needs no heavy foot for stability as the center of gravity is low. The counterbalance does not swing, but slides and rotates safely around the center of the stand. {{clear}}
This lamp stand has a complex construction with matching narrow openings. This lamp is out of production . {{clear}}Lamps balanced with two counterweights
With this lamp the movement is very limited (the arm moves up and down only) but the technique is nice to look at. As the forearm becomes more horizontal the weight ceases to be balanced on both side of the base. The weight of the base is needed to avoid over-balancing. {{clear}}
| align = left | width = 200 | image1 = Lamp 2 counter weight.PNG | alt1 = Dimension diagram | caption1 = Dimension diagram | image2 = Lamp 2 arms 2 counter weights outer position.PNG | alt2 = Outer position | caption2 = Outer position | footer = Lamp with two arms and two counterweights A lamp type like the Tizio works like this. A balancing arm (the forearm) has on one side of an axis a small counterweight and on the other side a lamp cap. These parts are lifted by a second bigger balancing arm (the upper arm) that has on the other side of a second axis a heavier counterweight. The lamp designed by Edouard-Wilfrid Buquet in 1927 works in this way. The lamp is in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art. The two axes have a different angle, and this has some advantages. Lamp-cap x fore-Arm = Arm x Small weight (Lamp-cap + Small weight) x upper-arm = Arm x Big weight. {{clear}}Lamps using other systemsHere are some less common ways of balancing arms.
This kind of lamp has a forearm balanced by weight or springs. Its disadvantage is that the upper arm cannot point up or forwards. {{clear}}
The friction between the twisted arm controls the movement between the arms. {{clear}}This arm system also works with friction. {{clear}}
This lamp works by coupling together the upper arm and the forearm. It is called a gravity-locked or cam-locked elbow.[1] {{clear}}
The biggest pivoting arm lamps in the world are in Rotterdam. They have one hydraulic cylinder to control the forearm, and one hydraulic cylinder to control the upper arm.{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}} {{clear}}
Arm lamp with a pneumatic cylinder. The gravity compress the air in the pneumatic cylinder. {{clear}}In popular culture
See also{{Commons category|Balanced-arm lamps}}{{div col}}
Patents historyClassifications IPC: F21V21/26 International patent category: B23B31/171
References1. ^See here {{Artificial light sources}}2. ^http://centrebombe.org/myster_shadow-sky_discography.html 1 : Light fixtures |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。